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Significance Based on ice core archives of sulfate and tephra deposition, one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the historic period and of the past 7,000 y occurred in A.D. 1257. However the source of this “mystery eruption” remained unknown. Drawing on a robust body of new evidence from radiocarbon dates, tephra geochemistry, stratigraphic data, a medieval chronicle, this study argues that the source of this eruption is Samalas volcano, part of the Mount Rinjani Volcanic Complex on Lombok Island, Indonesia. These results solve a conundrum that has puzzled glaciologists, volcanologists, and climatologists for more than three decades. In addition, the identification of this volcano gives rise to the existence of a forgotten Pompeii in the Far East.

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Kawah Ijen is a composite volcano located at the easternmost part of Java island in Indonesia and hosts the largest natural acidic lake in the world. We have gathered all available historical reports on Kawah Ijen's activity since 1770 with the purpose of reviewing the temporal evolution of its activity. Most of these observations and studies have been conducted from a geochemical perspective and in punctuated scientific campaigns. Starting in 1991, the seismic activity and a set of volcanic lake parameters began to be weekly available. We present a database of those measurements that, combined with historical reports, allow us to review each eruption/unrest that occurred during the last two centuries. As of 2010, the volcanic activity is monitored by a new multi-disciplinary network, including digital seismic stations, and lake level and temperature measurements. This detailed monitoring provides an opportunity for better Editorial responsibility: G. Giordano C. Caudron ( ) ·

International audienc

samples documents the release of an aqueous fluid enriched in Cl, Na, Ca, Cd, Sb and Zn during the paroxysmal subplinian eruption. The paroxysmal eruption may have been produced by saturating the pre-eruptive basaltic andesite magma with this hybrid aqueous carbonic NaCl-HCl-rich fluid due to bulk assimilation creating high partial pressure of CO 2 at shallow crustal conditions of about 200 MPa. In contrast, mildly explosive block-and-ash flows (typical Merapi-type) may result from incomplete (selective) assimilation of the carbonatebearing xenoliths and lower CO 2 partial pressure that may not lead to explosive degassing.

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