Geologic mapping of an intact plutonic sequence within the Samail ophiolite in the Ibra area, southeastern Oman Mountains, reveals stratigraphic, structural, and petrologic details of oceanic layer 3. Four measured stratigraphic sections, each spaced about 5 km apart across the southern flank of Jabal Dimh, define a time‐transgressive progression within the ophiolite and reveal geometric and petrologic features of a spreading‐ridge magma chamber. The sections show the following vertical sequence: (1) dunite (chr‐ol cumulates ± harzburgite xenoliths) 0–200 m thick, grading up from a transition zone with harzburgite tectonite, (2) interlayered wehrlite‐melagabbro‐gabbro (cpx‐ol and ol‐cpx‐pl cumulates) 0–100 m thick, (3) layered gabbro (chiefly ol‐cpx‐pl cumulates but including recurrent intervals of cumulus wehrlite and melagabbro) 2.6–5.5 km thick, (4) planar laminated nonlayered gabbro (chiefly ol‐cpx‐pl cumulates) 100–400 m thick, (5) hypidiomorphic (ol)‐hb‐cpx gabbro (high‐level gabbro) 200–800 m thick, (6) small, discontinous diorite to plagiogranite bodies at or near the top of the gabbro. Cumulus textures (adcumulus > mesocumulus), planar lamination, and cumulus layering (phase, ratio, and grain size layers at mm to 10‐m scale, commonly graded) within this sequence show that crystals accumulated from the base of the magma chamber upward to within a few hundred meters of the top; downward solidification from the roof was minor. Cyclicity within the cumulus sequence is represented by the recurrence of olivine‐rich intervals (melagabbo and wehrlite) up to high stratigraphic levels and by hundreds of phase‐graded layers (ol‐rich at the bases to pl‐rich at the tops), individually up to 5 m thick. Limited cryptic variation relative to closed‐system layered intrusions and the limited range in solid‐solution components of olivine (Fo69–90), plagioclase (An62–95) and clinopyroxene (En40–54, Fs4–16, Wo37–49) from the cumulus suite require replenishment of the magma during its crystallization history. Zig‐zag normal and reverse cryptic variation differentiation trends (both in major solid‐solution components and in minor element concentration) indicate that the replenishment took place in pulses followed by periods of magma mixing and crystal fractionation. Recurrent olivine‐rich intervals commonly (but not always) coincide with reverse cryptic variation trends. They are considered to be the products of fresh draughts of primitive magma, with olivine and chromite as the only liquidus phases prior to extensive mixing with the more fractionated resident magma within the chamber. The sequence of crystallization is explained using the simplified tholeiitic basalt tetrahedron of Presnall et al. (1979). The plutonic sequence is roofed by sheeted dikes that are overlain by submarine basalt, indicating that the magma crystallized beneath a spreading ocean ridge. Major and trace element geochemistry of the dike complex is similar in many respects to that of mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and yield Mg/Mg + Fe+2 ratios that overl...

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The 2004-05 eruption of Mount St Helens exhibited sustained, near-equilibrium behaviour characterized by relatively steady extrusion of a solid dacite plug and nearly periodic shallow earthquakes. Here we present a diverse data set to support our hypothesis that these earthquakes resulted from stick-slip motion along the margins of the plug as it was forced incrementally upwards by ascending, solidifying, gas-poor magma. We formalize this hypothesis with a dynamical model that reveals a strong analogy between behaviour of the magma-plug system and that of a variably damped oscillator. Modelled stick-slip oscillations have properties that help constrain the balance of forces governing the earthquakes and eruption, and they imply that magma pressure never deviated much from the steady equilibrium pressure. We infer that the volcano was probably poised in a near-eruptive equilibrium state long before the onset of the 2004-05 eruption.

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After 53 years of quiescence, Mount Agung awoke in August 2017, with intense seismicity, measurable ground deformation, and thermal anomalies in the summit crater. Although the seismic unrest peaked in late September and early October, the volcano did not start erupting until 21 November. The most intense explosive eruptions with accompanying rapid lava effusion occurred between 25 and 29 November. Smaller infrequent explosions and extrusions continue through the present (June 2019). The delay between intense unrest and eruption caused considerable challenges to emergency responders, local and national governmental agencies, and the population of Bali near the volcano, including over 140,000 evacuees. This paper provides an overview of the volcanic activity at Mount Agung from the viewpoint of the volcano observatory and other scientists responding to the volcanic crisis. We discuss the volcanic activity as well as key data streams used to track it. We provide evidence that magma intruded into the mid-crust in early 2017, and again in August of that year, prior to intrusion of an inferred dike between Mount Agung and Batur Caldera that initiated an earthquake swarm in late September. We summarize efforts to forecast the behavior of the volcano, to quantify exclusion zones for evacuations, and to work with emergency responders and other government agencies to make decisions during a complex and tense volcanic crisis.

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