The left ventricle, with its thickened myocardial walls, unlike the right ventricle has no measurable geometric shape. It has a conical apex and its function quantification, needs intensive, 2D, 3D and M mode transesophageal echocardiography, which is described in this review.

With increasing experience, neonatal cardiac surgery can be performed with excellent outcomes in developing countries with resource limitations. Infectious complications contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality, and improvements in infection-control practices should be emphasized to improve outcomes further.

Corrective cardiac surgery for selected critically ill infants with large ventricular septal defects, severe malnutrition, and pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation is feasible and should be considered a viable management strategy.

Protein S (PS) along with activated protein C plays an important role in the down-regulation of in vivo thrombin generation. Its deficiency can cause abnormal and inappropriate clot formation within the circulation necessitating chronic anticoagulation therapy. The risk of developing thrombotic complications is heightened in the perioperative period in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Heparin resistance is very rare in these patients, especially when antithrombin levels are near normal. Management of CPB in this scenario is quite challenging. We report the perioperative management, particularly the CPB management, of a patient with type I PS deficiency and incidentally detected heparin resistance, who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with CPB.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMSPain after orthopaedic surgery depends on the site and extent of surgery and the preoperative use of analgesics by the patient. Arthroscopic procedures are routinely performed on outpatient basis and have spared patients large incisions and decreased morbidity compared with open incisions, but has not eliminated pain. At present several techniques are available to treat pain following arthroscopic surgeries; these include the use of opioids, local anaesthetics, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, clonidine and cryotherapy. Here, we compared the analgesic effect of intra-articular administration of morphine, buprenorphine and placebo following arthroscopic surgery of knee.

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Cor triatriatum is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly. Majority of the cases present in the childhood with an incidence of 0.4%. However, we report a case of cor triatrium sinister with ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) in a 39-year-old female. The intraoperative 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) offers an advantage over 2D TEE in visualizing the interatrial septum and the attachments of the fibromuscular accessory membrane in the left atrium (LA), which could help in surgical decision-making in this patient.