Background:Drug resistance is a major problem in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). An estimate of drug resistance is extremely important in the epidemiology and control of TB. However, an assessment of the magnitude of drug resistance in TB is not very well described globally and data remains scantier for India. In view of this, we reviewed our data over last five years.Materials and Methods:Six hundred and seventy-three Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were subjected to drug susceptibility against primary anti-tuberculosis drugs by economic variant proportion method. All isolates resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin were taken as multi-drug resistant (MDR).Results:Out of the 673 strains tested, 95 (14.11%) showed monoresistance, 365 (54.23%) strains were found to be resistant to more than one drug. A total of 118 (17.53%) strains were found to be resistant to all the four drugs tested. MDR was seen with 320 (47.54%) isolates. This study observed maximum resistance with rifampicin (74.4%) followed by streptomycin (70.0%), isoniazid (53.2%), and ethambutol (21.7%).Conclusion:While this information may not reflect true prevalence of drug resistance in the region, this may help in further planning long term surveillance studies to know the trend of drug resistance in this area.

A patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection presented with multiple cutaneous lesions on upper extremities, trunk, face and with ulcers involving oral mucosa. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated in culture from scrapings from both cutaneous as well as oral mucosal lesions. The patient responded well initially to the treatment with Amphotericin B followed by itraconazole; however, lesions recurred after three months with the further deterioration of immune status of the patient indicated by decline in CD4 counts. The same treatment was restarted and the patient is still being followed-up.

Hyalohyphomycosis are opportunistic fungal infections caused by fungi with colorless septate hyphae. Fusarium is a hyalohyphomycetes which can cause localized or disseminated infections depending on host immunity. Our patient had an infectious lesion over the coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) scar which was not responding to antibacterial treatment. Further investigations revealed it to be localized cutaneous Fusarium infection. The patient was treated with fluconazole 3 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks and responded very well without any recurrence during the next 3 months follow-up. Thus, this case highlights the effectiveness of fluconazole in uncommon fungal infection.

Central nervous system (CNS) shunts are commonly used to treat patients with hydrocephalus. Its placement is associated with increased risk of infection. The study was intended to evaluate infection rate associated with CNS shunt surgeries and identify risk factors for shunt infection. The frequency and characterisation of aetiological agents along with their antibiotic resistance pattern were also studied. A prospective study of 86 patients who underwent 97 surgeries over a period of 18 months was conducted. One hundred seventy-six cerebrospinal fluid samples and 44 shunt tips obtained were processed using standard microbiological techniques. Of 86 patients, 39 (45.35%) operated for shunt revision were infected while 47 patients operated for shunt insertion were not found to be infected. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis was the predominant isolate. 57.58% isolates of Staphylococci were found to be biofilm producers. Mortality of 15% was observed among infected patients. Shunt infection remains a serious issue in the patients undergoing shunt surgery. Accurate diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infection are essential in such patients.

Objective The aim of this study was to establish a baseline titre for the population of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Method Four hundred healthy blood donors, attending blood donation camps, were screened using a survey questionnaire. Widal tube agglutination test was performed on the diluted sera (with 0.9% normal saline) of blood donors, with final dilution ranging from 1 : 40 to 1 : 320. Results Out of 400 individuals providing samples, 78 (19.5%) individuals showed antibody titres ≥ 1 : 40 for at least one antigen and 322 (80.5%) showed no agglutination. The baseline antibody titres against O antigen and H antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi were found to be 1 : 40 and 1 : 80, respectively. Similarly, the baseline antibody titres for the H antigen of Salmonella enterica serotypes Paratyphi A and Paratyphi B were found to be 1 : 40 and 1 : 80, respectively. Conclusion Thus, it was noted that the diagnostically significant cutoff of antibody titre from acute phase sample was ≥ 1 : 80 for S. Typhi O antigen and titre of ≥ 1 : 160 for both S. Typhi H antigen and S. Paratyphi BH antigen. Antibody titre of ≥ 1 : 80 can be considered significant for S. Paratyphi AH antigen.

Background: Dengue an arbovirus infection, has significantly increased in past decade causing increased mortality & morbidity in temperate countries including India. Earlier diagnosis helps in prompt treatment resulting in decrease in mortality & prevention of complications. In present study we have evaluated laboratory parameters for diagnosis along with different demographic profile for prevention of disease. Methods:All clinically suspected patients tested for NS1Ag & IgM by ELISA along with platelet count & Peripheral blood smear. Individual results were used in comparative analysis according to demographic (gender, age) and laboratory (platelet counts, NS1 Ag & IgM) profiles Result: Total serologically confirmed cases were 583( 21.12%) . Lower platelet counts was the most important factors in predicting dengue infection. Furthermore, all demographic and laboratory profiles presented a conservative temporal pattern throughout this long-lasting outbreak. Conclusion:As consistency throughout the epidemic facilitated defining the conservation pattern throughout the early stages, this was useful for improving management during the remaining period. Also NS1 Ag is early & reliable test.

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