BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought fundamental changes to our problems and priorities, especially those related to the healthcare sector. India was one of the countries severely affected by the harsh consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. AIM To understand the challenges faced by the healthcare system during a pandemic. METHODS The literature search for this review was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We also used Reference Citation Analysis (RCA) to search and improve the results. We focused on the published scientific articles concerned with two major vital areas: (1) The Indian healthcare system; and (2) COVID-19 pandemic effects on the Indian healthcare system. RESULTS The Indian healthcare system was suffering even before the pandemic. The pandemic has further stretched the healthcare services in India. The main obstacle in the healthcare system was to combat the rising number of communicable as well as noncommunicable diseases. Besides the pandemic measures, there was a diversion of focus of the already established healthcare services away from the chronic conditions and vaccinations. The disruption of the vaccination services may have more severe short and long-term consequences than the pandemic’s adverse effects. CONCLUSION Severely restricted resources limited the interaction of the Indian healthcare system with the COVID-19 pandemic. Re-establishment of primary healthcare services, maternal and child health services, noncommunicable diseases programs, National Tuberculosis Elimination Program, etc. are important to prevent serious long-term consequences of this pandemic.
CONTEXT/BACKGROUND: Congenital malformations have been known and recognized for centuries. It is a stimulating problem for research because of the high frequency of their occurrence and the influence of consanguinity on these defects is even more devastating problem. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of consanguinity in occurrence of congenital defects and occurrence of more common types of congenital defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was done retrospectively in Government medical college and civil hospitals between 1 st Oct. 2011 till 31 st May 2012. A total of 182 congenitally defective live births and still births admitted in above hospitals in same period were studied against total deliveries taken place. Information was collected by using questionnaires and pedegree charts were formed. Information about consanguinity, degree of consanguinity, type and subtype of anomaly etc. was obtained. Data obtained was statistically analysed and compared with previous studies. RESULTS: Incidence of congenital anomalies was 1.16%. Cardiovascular defects were the most common type of anomaly and atrial septal defect was most common subtype. Third degree / first cousins was the most common type of degree of consanguinity found amongst all. Male pre-ponderence was found amongst the anomalous births. Frequency of consanguineous marriages was found more in muslims than hindus. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: 1. Births with congenital defects were commonly occurring among normal births and the incidence calculated was 1.79 % in the present study. 2. Cardiovascular defects were most common type of defects. 3. In the present study, it was found that third degree consanguinity cases were most common, about 56.25 % out of all 48 consanguineous cases. 4. In the present study congenital defects were found to occur more commonly in consanguineous unions than non-consanguineous unions.
Background: A cleft occurs when certain body parts and structures do not fuse together during fetal development. Clefts can involve the lip and/or the roof of the mouth (palate). There are varying opinions on the actual incidence of clefts. Some experts say that the highest cleft incidences are among Asians. As there are very few studies regarding the incidence of cleft lip and palate in North Karnataka, this study was conducted. Materials and Methods:The data was collected from the patients of the hospital of ESIC Medical College Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India.Result: The occurrence of cleft lip was more compared to, in combination with cleft palate and cleft palate alone. The exact cause of cleft lip and palate is not known but most experts agree that the causes of cleft lip and/or palate are multifactorial and may include a genetic predisposition, as well as environmental or nutritional factors. In this study the type of malformation, the difference in the gender of patients, the parental age during marriage and the consanguineous marriage are studied in detail. The Malformations were more on the left side compared to right side. This anomaly was observed more in male patients than female patients. Conclusion:As the parental age is one of the predisposing factor. In this study the age of parents was found less than Twenty years in most of the cases. The consanguineous marriage is also considered as one of the risk factor, this study found that most of the parents had consanguineous marriage.
Human anatomy is learned through cadaveric dissection invariably in all medical colleges of India. The scarcity of cadavers for academic purpose exists almost in all the states of India. Deep routed misconceptions need to be eradicated which is possible through socio-economic and cognitive development of the population. Police department are no longer reliable source of cadavers. NGO's, body donation societies, charitable trust, regional local bodies, etc. are working towards creating awareness with little success. Requisite and pertinent revision in policies of state government is needed to integrate body donation concept in public health services. This article reviews the existing situation of cadaver availability and struggle in procurement of cadavers in several regions of India. The article also presents the various challenges both financial and administrative in the procurement of cadavers in India.
Introduction: India struggles with poor quality of medical education, incompetent medical workforces, and insignificant research contribution to the world. Aim: Teaching-learning methods form an integral part of any curriculum hence, we aim to review the application of technology in teaching-learning methods at medical institutions across the world. Materials and Methods: An online search for articles and abstracts published from 2000 to 2020 on PubMed Central, Medline, Scopus, Google scholar using the MeSH terms like medical, education, innovative teaching, three dimensional, curriculum, etc., was conducted. A total of 49 articles were shortlisted by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 38 articles were finally selected after thorough reading and were analysed and summarised. Results: Four themes emerged from this review: understanding learner characteristics; innovative newer techniques with the incorporation of advanced technology; cast models and plastination; and future trends for medical education. The more specific findings can be further divided into: online digital learning module; flip classroom; 3D printed models; 3D virtual reality-based technology; simulation techniques; real patient learning practical’s; medical student collaborative clinics; student-driven undergraduate research committee; patient-family interactive programs; death-and-dying discussions and community-based service project. Conclusion: Amendment in the curriculum and selection of teaching-learning methods should be considered after understanding the student characteristics. Modern technology should be used rationally in teaching-learning methods thereby, restricting its negative impact on the students.
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