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A novel bacterium, designated strain F051-1 T , isolated from a seawater sample collected from the coast at Damupo beach in Pohang, Korea, was investigated in a polyphasic taxonomic study. Cells were yellow-pigmented, strictly aerobic, Gram-staining-negative and rod-shaped. The temperature, pH and NaCl ranges for growth were 4-30 6C, pH 6.0-9.0 and 1.0-6.0 % (w/v), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain F051-1 T belongs to the genus Psychroserpens in the family Flavobacteriaceae. Its closest relatives were Psychroserpens burtonensis ACAM 188 T (96.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Psychroserpens mesophilus KOPRI 13649 T (95.7 %). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 1 G and anteiso-C 15 : 0 . The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified phospholipid and eight unidentified lipids. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 and the genomic DNA G+C content of the strain was 33.5 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain F051-1 T represents a novel species within the genus Psychroserpens, for which the name Psychroserpens damuponensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is F051-1 T

A novel bacterium, designated F081-2 T , isolated from seawater from Damupo beach in Pohang, Korea, was investigated using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells were yellow-pigmented, strictly aerobic, motile by gliding, Gram-negative-staining and rod-shaped. The temperature, pH and NaCl ranges for growth were 4-35 6C, pH 5.5-9.5 and 1.0-5.0 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain F081-2 T belonged to a distinct lineage in the genus Winogradskyella of the family Flavobacteriaceae, sharing 93.7-98.1 % similarity with recognized members of the genus. Winogradskyella arenosi JCM 17633 T (33.4 %). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 (25.3 %), iso-C 15 : 1 G (14.6 %), iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH (9.3 %), anteiso-C 15 : 0 (7.8 %) and iso-C 15 : 0 3-OH (7.6 %). The polar lipid profile was composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified aminophospholipid and six unidentified lipids. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 and the DNA G+C content of the strain was 32.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain F081-2 T represents a novel species within the genus Winogradskyella, for which the name Winogradskyella damuponensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is F081-2 T (5KCTC 23552 T 5JCM 17633 T ).

A Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain M091T , was isolated from seawater at Damupo beach in Pohang, Republic of Korea, and investigated using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The novel strain grew optimally at 25 6C, pH 7.0-8.0, and in the presence of 3 % (w/v) NaCl. In a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain M091 T formed a lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae that was distinct from the most closely related genera of Flaviramulus (95.1 % sequence similarity), Algibacter (94.9-93.9 %), Mariniflexile (94.8-94.2 %), Winogradskyella (94.8-93.2 %), and Tamlana (94.7-92.9 %). The polar lipid profile of the novel strain comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified phospholipid and seven unidentified lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 (20.5 %), iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH (15.4 %), iso-C 15 : 0 3-OH (12.4 %), C 15 : 0 (10.9 %) and iso-C 15 : 1 G (9.9 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain M091 T was 34.4 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was MK-6. Based on phenotypic and genotypic data, strain M091 T represents a new genus and novel species in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Postechiella marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is M091 T (5KCTCThe family Flavobacteriaceae was first proposed by Jooste (1985) and subsequently described and emended by Bernardet et al. (1996Bernardet et al. ( , 2002. This family is one of the major phylogenetic lineages within the phylum Bacteroidetes (Garrity & Holt, 2001). At the time of writing, the family comprised more than 90 recognized genera (http://www. bacterio.cict.fr/). Many members of this family were isolated from various marine environments and Antarctic habitats (Bowman et al., 1997(Bowman et al., , 1998Bowman, 2000;Bowman & Nichols, 2002Cho & Giovannoni, 2004;Nedashkovskaya et al., 2004;Nichols et al., 2005;Pinhassi et al., 2006). These bacteria are known to play an important role in the uptake and degradation of complex dissolved and particulate organic matter in marine ecosystems (Kirchman, 2002). In the course of investigations of bacterial diversity in seawater, a novel yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain M091 T , was isolated from a seawater sample collected at Damupo beach in Pohang, Korea. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, strain M091T formed a distinct cluster closely related to members of the genera Flaviramulus, Algibacter, Mariniflexile, Winogradskyella, Lacinutrix and Tamlana of the phylum Bacteroidetes. The taxonomic characterization of strain M091 T , using a polyphasic approach, is described in this report. Strain M091T was isolated from seawater collected at Damupo beach in Pohang, Republic of Korea (36 u 19 55.010 N 129u 349 50.980 E), by using a standard serial dilution plating technique on marine agar 2216 (MA; Difco). The strain was initially grown at 25 u C for 5 days and then routinely maintained on MA, with subculture every 3 ...

A novel bacterium, designated strain F028-2 T , was isolated from seawater at Damupo beach in Pohang, Korea, and investigated in a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. This novel strain was strictly aerobic, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped, and occasionally formed aggregates. The temperature, pH and NaCl ranges for growth were 4-30 6C, pH 6.5-9.0 and 1-7 % (w/v), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain F028-2 T formed a lineage within the family Rhodobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria, and was closely related to members of the genera Sagittula and Antarctobacter with 96.3-96.4 % sequence similarities. The polar lipid profile of strain F028-2 T comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified phospholipid and six unidentified lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C 18 : 1 v7c and C 12 : 1 3-OH. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain F028-2 T was 61.6 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was Q-10. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain F028-2 T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Sagittula, for which the name Sagittula marina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is F028-2 T (5KCTC 23543 T 5JCM 17627 T ). An emended description of the genus Sagittula is also proposed.The family Rhodobacteraceae belonging to the order Rhodobacterales, class Alphaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria, is one of the most abundant bacterial groups in marine environments. Within the family Rhodobacteraceae, the Roseobacter clade is known to be one of the most abundant groups, typically comprising upwards of 20 % of coastal and 15 % of mixed-layer ocean bacterioplankton communities (González & Moran, 1997;Buchan et al., 2005). Strains in the Roseobacter clade have been isolated from various marine habitats such as seawater, sediment, seaweed, a tidal flat, marine electroactive biofilms, the Arctic Ocean and the phycosphere of a dinoflagellate (Lafay et al., 1995;Yoon et al., 2007;Zhang et al., 2008;Vandecandelaere et al., 2008 Vandecandelaere et al., , 2009. They play important roles in the carbon, sulfur and nitrogen cycles in the ocean (González et al., 1999(González et al., , 2000.In the course of investigations of bacterial diversity in seawater, a large number of novel bacterial strains were isolated. In this study, one such strain, F028-2 T , which was affiliated with the Roseobacter clade within the Rhodobacteraceae, was subjected to further taxonomic investigation. Strain F028-2 T was isolated from a seawater sample collected at Damupo beach in Pohang, Korea (36 u 029 510 N 129 u 359 100 E), by using a standard serial dilution plating method on marine agar 2216 (MA; Difco). The strain was initially grown at 25 u C for 7 days and then routinely maintained on MA, with subculture every 3 days, under aerobic conditions at 25 u C. The strain was also stored at 280 u C in marine broth 2216 (MB; Dif...

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The complete hydrolysis of agarose produces its monomeric sugars, D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-Lgalactose (L-AnG). Although enzymes of D-galactose metabolism are well characterized, those involved in L-AnG metabolism have not yet been investigated. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of L-AnG dehydrogenase (L-AnGDH), an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), catalyzing the first step of L-AnG degradation. To compare substrate and cofactor specificities of L-AnGDH, two L-AnGDH genes obtained from the marine bacterium Postechiella marina (Pm_L-AnGDH) and the soil bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor (Sc_L-AnGDH) were cloned and expressed in E. coli. Whereas the recombinant Pm_L-AnGDH and Sc_L-AnGDH were similar in their oligomeric state (homotetramer) and optimum reaction conditions (30°C, pH 8.0), the two enzymes were distinguishable by their substrate and cofactor specificities. Sc_L-AnGDH catalyzed the oxidation of L-AnG using both NAD + and NADP + , with a preference for NAD + . It also catalyzed the dehydrogenation of L-glyceraldehyde, glycolaldehyde, and L-lactaldehyde in the presence of NAD + . On the other hand, Pm_L-AnGDH showed exclusive selectivity towards NADP + and did not oxidize aldehydes other than L-AnG and L-glyceraldehyde. The phylogenetic analysis of amino sequences indicated that L-AnGDH belongs to a novel subfamily within the ALDH superfamily. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the characterization of L-AnGDH.

Glucuronic acid dehydrogenase (GluUADH), the product of the Csal-2474 gene from the halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043, is an enzyme with potential use in the conversion of glucuronic acid in seaweed biomass to fuels and chemicals. GluUADH is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of glucuronic acid (GluUA) and galacturonic acid (GalUA) and has a preference for NAD + rather than NADP + as a cofactor. Recombinant GluUADH was crystallized in the presence of 0.2 M calcium acetate, 0.1 M TrisHCl pH 7.0 and 20% PEG 3000 at 295 K. X-ray diffraction data were collected to a maximum resolution of 2.1 Å . The GluUADH crystal belonged to space group P6 3 , with unit-cell parameters a = b = 122.58, c = 150.49 Å , = 120. With one molecule per asymmetric unit, the crystal volume per unit protein weight (V M ) is 2.78 Å 3 Da À1 . The structure was solved by the single anomalous dispersion method and structure refinement is in progress.