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Background: Paclitaxel well known as anti-cancer drug has been shown to cause alopecia in chemotherapy. The paclitaxel chemotherapy-mediated alopecia is induced by apoptotic damage in human dermal papilla (HDP) cells. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits apoptosis against anti-cancer drug such as cisplatin. EGCG, one of the green tea extract ingredients, has been reported to enhance cell viability and to inhibit apoptosis. However, it is unclear that EGCG enhances cell viability and inhibits apoptosis against paclitaxel-induced apoptotic damage in HDP cells. Methods: We show cell viability, cell cycle, and microRNA (miRNA) expression in EGCG-mediated rescue cell to paclitaxel-mediated cell death and growth arrest. Results: EGCG promotes cell survival and cell death inhibitory effects and alteration of miRNA expression in paclitaxelexposed HDP cells were investigated. Firstly, paclitaxel increases apoptosis and EGCG promotes cell survival and represses paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis showed that EGCG protects apoptosis in paclitaxel-exposed HDP cells. miRNA microarray analysis was performed and 48 miRNAs changed by EGCG in paclitaxel-exposed HDP cells were identified. In gene ontology analysis in silico, miRNAs regulate apoptosis and cell proliferation-regulated genes, such as BCL2L1, BCL2L2, BBC3, and MDM2. In Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, miRNAs are related to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway, which regulate apoptosis and cell proliferation. Conclusions: EGCG inhibits apoptosis through regulating miRNA expression related to apoptosis and cell proliferation in paclitaxel-treated HDP cells.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the purchasing behavior for skin care products by distribution channel. Methods: Following a literature review, a questionnaire was distributed to women who live in Seoul and Kyeonggi-do in August 2018. 107 questionnaires were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Chi-square (χ 2) cross and ANOVA analysis were performed to determine the preferred distribution channel differences by respondent age. Results: Overall, respondents prefer online shopping because the price is reasonable. Respondents in their 20s answered in favor of road shops while those in their 30s, 40s, and 50s answered in favor of online shops. In terms of preference, reliability, satisfaction, and loyalty by distribution channels, the online shop was considered the best for preference and reliability while the department store was considered the best for satisfaction and loyalty. Conclusion: The findings in this study provide implications for marketing skin care products based on purchasing behavior by distribution channel and can be used as basic research data for the industrial marketing of skin care products.

Background: Annona muricata (A. muricata) L. (also known as graviola) contains various antioxidants that have beneficial effects on headaches, hypertension, coughs and asthma. A. muricata L. also has various other physiological effects, such as antispasmodic effects for the treatment of heart conditions, and sedative and nervine effects. In the present study, the effect of A. muricata L. extracts on melanogenesis was investigated and the ensuing inhibitory mechanisms were determined. Methods: The inhibitory effects of A. muricata L. extracts on melanogenesis were initially investigated by measuring melanin contents. Subsequently, the ensuing mechanisms were characterized by determining changes in the activity of tyrosinase, which is the rate-limiting step of melanogenesis. Finally, mRNA and protein expression levels of tyrosinase and the melanogenesis-associated transcription factor (MITF) were determined.

In the Eastern world, having white skin is considered a key factor for looking beautiful, resulting in many consumers desiring to have white skin and continuous growth in the whitening cosmeceuticals market. Hundreds of companies, including AmorePacific and LG Household & Health Care, have developed and released products in this market, increasing their range in a systematic and strategic manner through market survey and analysis. In the cosmetics industry, it is important to develop high-performance chemicals that are suited to the properties of the skin. However, safety is even more critical because these products will be applied to the human body, and side effects of whitening agents and drugs have recently been reported. Therefore, there is a need for continued research not only to improve these properties but also to enhance mid-and long-term growth in the market. The aim of this study was to review current research on natural skin whitening products and to examine their ingredients, with a particular focus on Prunus persica Flos, Phellodendron amurense , Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau, Zanthoxylum schnifolium , Dendropanax morbifera , and Broussonetia kazinoki. Prunus persica Flos, Phellodendron amurense and Dendropanax morbifera have shown the high inhibition rate of melanin biosynthesis, and Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau and Zanthoxylum schnifolium have shown the inhibition of oxidization by inhibiting tyrosinase. Broussonetia kazinoki have shown the effect of anti-oxidant by eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS).