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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus, is a health concern across Asian countries, associated with severe neurological disorders, especially in children. Primarily, pigs, bats, and birds are the natural hosts for JEV, but humans are infected incidentally. JEV requires a few host proteins for its entry and replication inside the mammalian host cell. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a significant role in JEV genome replication and assembly. During this process, the ER undergoes stress due to its remodelling and accumulation of viral particles and unfolded proteins, leading to an unfolded protein response (UPR). Here, we review the overall strategy used by JEV to infect the host cell and various cytopathic effects caused by JEV infection. We also highlight the role of JEV structural proteins (SPs) and non-structural proteins (NSPs) at various stages of the JEV life cycle that are involved in up- and downregulation of different host proteins and are potentially relevant for developing efficient therapeutic drugs. Graphical abstract

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Phenol and its derivatives are consistently causing harmful effects to an aquatic ecosystem. The present study focused on the isolation and characterization of potential phenol degrading bacterial strains and subsequently optimization of media ingredients for efficient phenol degradation by potential bacterial strains. Bacterial strains were isolated from municipal sewage, Bilaspur (21'47 and 23'8 N 81'14 and 83'15 E). After optimization phenol degradation rate was increased by 1.84 fold for PDB 5 (from 40.37% to 74.67%) and 1.39 fold for PDB 11 (from 58.62% to 81.51%) at 500mg/l initial phenol concentration. PDB 5 and PDB 11 were identified as Streptococcus sp. PDB 5 and Pseudomonas sp. PDB 11 respectively as potential phenol degrading bacterial strains. These strains can further be used in microbially assisted phenol degradation to remove phenol derivatives present in industrial wastewater.