Numerous studies disclosed the independent role of VDR genetic polymorphisms involved in pathogenesies of various metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes mellitus in different populations, however no any conclusive or even key study conducted on South Asian population especially Pakistani population except on Indian population. Worldwidle, vitamin D defeciency and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two interlated and most common health problems. Such interlationship is involved complex inheritance pattern.The polymorphisms of various genes including vitamin D receptor (VDR) might affect genetic susceptibility of T2DM by developing malfunctioning of beta pancreatic cells or insulin resistance. Genetic architecture of T2DM is different among various ethnic populations. The present review will focus on concept that polymorphism of VDR gene may has role in susceptibilty of onset of T2DM and its pathogenesises.

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer and leading cause of death worldwide. Major risk factors involved in the development of CRC are increased dietary sources, genetics, and increasing age. Purpose of the study was to find the role of different variables in the progression of CRC.Methodology50 blood samples from CRC patients and 20 samples from control were collected. Serum was separated from the blood by centrifugation. This serum was assessed for several antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, vitamin A, C, and E, and pro-oxidants such as malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and AGEs according to their respective protocols. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) and isoprostanes were assessed by ELISA kits.ResultsLower levels of GSH (4.86 ± 0.78 vs 9.65 ± 1.13 μg/dl), SOD (0.08 ± 0.012 vs 0.46 ± 0.017 μg/dl), CAT (2.45 ± 0.03 vs 4.22 ± 0.19 μmol/mol of protein), and GRx (5.16 ± 0.06 vs 7.23 ± 0.36 μmol/ml) in the diseased group were recorded as compared with control. Higher levels of GPx (6.64 ± 0.19 mmol/dl) were observed in the subjects in comparison with control group (1.58 ± 0.30 mmol/dl). Highly significant decreased levels of vitamin A (0.81 ± 0.07 vs 2.37 ± 0.15 mg/ml), vitamin E (15.42 ± 1.26 vs 25.96 ± 2.19 mg/ml), and vitamin C (47.67 ± 7.69 vs 80.37 ± 10.21 mg/ml) were observed in the patients in contrast to control group. The reversal of antioxidants in later stages of CRC may be due to compensatory mechanisms in cancerous cells. The levels of MDA (nmol/ml) were also assessed, which shows significantly increased level in CRC patients as compared with control groups (3.67 ± 0.19 vs 1.31 ± 0.27). The levels of protein oxidation products [AGEs (2.74 ± 0.16 vs 0.84 ± 0.05 IU) and AOPPs (1.32 ± 0.02 vs 0.82 ± 0.07 ng/ml)] were significantly increased in subjects as compared with control. The levels of MMP-7 (64.75 ± 3.03 vs 50.61 ± 4.09 ng/ml) and isoprostanes (0.71 ± 0.03 vs 0.16 ± 0.02 ng/ml) were also analyzed. This shows that the levels of isoprostanes increased due to high lipid peroxidation mediate higher levels of MMP-7, which promotes development of CRC.ConclusionFollowing study suggested that elevated oxidative and inflammatory status along with lipid peroxidation and matrix metalloproteinases are the chief contributors in the progression of CRC.

Objective: To analyze the occurrence of medication related problems and associated factors among patients suffering from chronic kidney disease in Hyderabad, Pakistan. Design and method: The prospective and observational study was conducted among 103 patients who had confirmed diagnosis of chronic kidney disease based on GFR from April to September 2019. Data related with the patient's demographic details, medications, diagnosis and other necessary information were collected through patient's medications profiles. Data was analyzed by using M.S Excel and (SPSS) version 21.0. Results: Out of 103 patients, 79 (76.69%) had MRPs. The rate of whole MRPs was 32.90 %. The most common MRPs among CKD patients were non-adherence (31%), dose too low (18%) and need of drug additional therapy (18%). The most common cause of need of additional drug therapy (24%) was those medical conditions which were untreated non-adherence 8.5% was mostly due to the forgetfulness of either the patient or his caregiver. Conclusions: The current study revealed that Medications related problems are high among CKD patients due to creatinine clearance and all the health care professionals should work for lowering down it.

Background: Numerous diabetes susceptibility loci, include a region consisting vitamin D receptor gene found in chromo- some 12q, have been known using genome wide screens. Aim: The aim of present study is to probe the relationship between polymorphism of vitamin D receptor gene (single nu- cleotide polymorphisms) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Five hundred T2DM patients and 200 healthy subjects with normal HbA1c( ≤ 5.0 %), fasting blood sugar (≤ 120 mg/dL) and random blood sugar (≤ 140 mg/dL) were enrolled. Metholodgy: The genotypes were found by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing. Results: revealed that no considerable differences in frequencies of genotype and allele of the Bsm I and Fok I polymor- phisms between healthy and patients in the North England (For Fok I: OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.72–1.12; for Bsm I: OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 0.79–1.98). Conclusion: It is recommended that both following polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor gene may not considerably add to the progression of T2DM in the North England. Keywords: T2DM; DNA Sequencing; Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP); Single nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP);VDR.

Workplace gender discrimination comes in many forms: unequal pay, the disparity in promotions, incidents of sexual harassment, and fewer opportunities, which means that an employee is treated differently or less favorably because of their gender identity. Around the world, four-in-ten working women face discrimination on the job because of their gender. This research explored the issue of discrimination against working women at the workplace and its impact on their work performance in District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. The quantitative data were collected through a cross-sectional survey. A multistage random sampling technique was used for the data collection. A self-designed interview schedule was administered to 200 females of lower, middle, and higher category employees of public and private institutions of District Sahiwal. In the data analysis, both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used. Research findings revealed that females were discriminated more than males in the private sector than in the public sector. The results indicated that 63% of women have adverse physical and mental effects due to discrimination at the workplace. In this regard, 60% of women believed that workplace discrimination increased stress and frustration and reduced job satisfaction, commitment, and motivation. The bivariate analysis also shows that gender discrimination decreases satisfaction and commitment and increases stress levels among working women. Therefore, this study suggested that the government should immediately strengthen legal protections against workplace discrimination based on gender.