BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer and leading cause of death worldwide. Major risk factors involved in the development of CRC are increased dietary sources, genetics, and increasing age. Purpose of the study was to find the role of different variables in the progression of CRC.Methodology50 blood samples from CRC patients and 20 samples from control were collected. Serum was separated from the blood by centrifugation. This serum was assessed for several antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, vitamin A, C, and E, and pro-oxidants such as malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and AGEs according to their respective protocols. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) and isoprostanes were assessed by ELISA kits.ResultsLower levels of GSH (4.86 ± 0.78 vs 9.65 ± 1.13 μg/dl), SOD (0.08 ± 0.012 vs 0.46 ± 0.017 μg/dl), CAT (2.45 ± 0.03 vs 4.22 ± 0.19 μmol/mol of protein), and GRx (5.16 ± 0.06 vs 7.23 ± 0.36 μmol/ml) in the diseased group were recorded as compared with control. Higher levels of GPx (6.64 ± 0.19 mmol/dl) were observed in the subjects in comparison with control group (1.58 ± 0.30 mmol/dl). Highly significant decreased levels of vitamin A (0.81 ± 0.07 vs 2.37 ± 0.15 mg/ml), vitamin E (15.42 ± 1.26 vs 25.96 ± 2.19 mg/ml), and vitamin C (47.67 ± 7.69 vs 80.37 ± 10.21 mg/ml) were observed in the patients in contrast to control group. The reversal of antioxidants in later stages of CRC may be due to compensatory mechanisms in cancerous cells. The levels of MDA (nmol/ml) were also assessed, which shows significantly increased level in CRC patients as compared with control groups (3.67 ± 0.19 vs 1.31 ± 0.27). The levels of protein oxidation products [AGEs (2.74 ± 0.16 vs 0.84 ± 0.05 IU) and AOPPs (1.32 ± 0.02 vs 0.82 ± 0.07 ng/ml)] were significantly increased in subjects as compared with control. The levels of MMP-7 (64.75 ± 3.03 vs 50.61 ± 4.09 ng/ml) and isoprostanes (0.71 ± 0.03 vs 0.16 ± 0.02 ng/ml) were also analyzed. This shows that the levels of isoprostanes increased due to high lipid peroxidation mediate higher levels of MMP-7, which promotes development of CRC.ConclusionFollowing study suggested that elevated oxidative and inflammatory status along with lipid peroxidation and matrix metalloproteinases are the chief contributors in the progression of CRC.
Females suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome have marked insulin resistance, independent of obesity. These women also have multiple risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hypertension. Uric acid level has also been recognized recently as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, females with PCOS may have abnormal profile of uric acid. Objectives: To compare uric acid levels in females of polycystic ovarian syndrome with and without insulin resistance. Methods: Cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Biochemistry Department of Islam Medical College, Sialkot. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on their insulin resistance. In group-A patients were taken with PCOS and in group-B patients were taken with PCOS without insulin resistance. A total of 108 cases (54 in each group) fulfilling the inclusion/exclusion criteria. In both groups uric acid level was measured by standard procedure. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22 accordingly. Results: The mean age for all the cases was 29.43 ± 4.08 years, while mean age in insulin resistance group was 29.33 ± 4.06 years and mean age in non-insulin resistance group was 29.52 ± 4.13 years. The mean uric acid in insulin resistance and non-insulin resistance group was 4.92 ± 0.89 mg/dl and 4.48 ± 0.95 mg/dl with significantly higher mean uric acid in insulin resistance group, p-value < 0.05. Conclusion: We conclude that females having PCOS with insulin resistance had higher mean uric acid levels. Females with insulin resistance must be prevented from hyperuricemia to minimize the further risk of insulin resistance.
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