Objective: Virulence factors (VFs) among the clinical strains of enterococci play a vital role in pathogenesis. This study was aimed to screen for cylA, asa1, gelE, esp and hyl among Enterococcus faecalis (n = 89) and E. faecium (n = 51) by multiplex PCR. The previously reported multiplex PCR was modified to 2 duplex (asa1 and gelE, cylA and esp) PCRs and 1 simplex (hyl) PCR. The idea of the modification of the multiplex PCR proposed here emerged in the course of the research study when majority of the isolates which phenotypically exhibited virulence traits were found to be negative for the respective gene. Results: cylA, gelE and asa1 were significantly predominant in E. faecalis (59.55%, 85.39%, 86.51%) than E. faecium (1.96%, 60.78%, 9.80%) (p < 0.0001, p = 0.001967, p < 0.0001). hyl was detected in E. faecium (5.9%) only. The number of VFs detected in each isolate was recorded as the VF score. E. faecalis isolates had a VF score pattern of score 4 (34.83%), score 3 (26.96%), score 2 (28.08%) and score 1 (8.98%) while E. faecium had score 4 (1.96%), score 3 (7.84%), score 2 (25.49%) and score 1 (41.18%). This modification of the PCR protocol could resolve the problem of decreased detection of virulence determinants in enterococci.
<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Grape seeds are proposed to have antimicrobial activity, antioxidant effect and various other benefits to mankind. A study was done to assess the antibacterial effect of grape seed extract against common clinical isolates and drug resistant pathogenic strains.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Grape seed extract prepared was investigated for its antibacterial effect against 65 bacterial isolates obtained from clinical specimens by agar well diffusion assay and the results were compared with routinely used antibiotics namely, Gentamicin for the common clinical isolates, Vancomycin for MRSA strains and Amikacin for ESBL organisms respectively.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Grape seed extract produced moderate zone of inhibition ranging between 11-15 mm among the 35 test common clinical isolates namely <em>Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella </em>sp<em> </em>and<em> Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>. <em>E.coli </em>showed the highest susceptibility with zone ranging from 12-14 mm with increasing concentration of the extract starting from2 mg/ml to the highest being 20 mg/ml. Among the 30 drug resistant pathogenic strains like MRSA and ESBL producing organisms, the grape seed extract was found to be effective against 3 out of the 10 of MRSA and 2 out of the 10 of ESBL-<em>E.coli</em> at the highest concentration of 20 mg/ml. However, ESBL producing <em>Klebsiella </em>species were found to be resistant even to the highest concentration of the extract. </p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results provide evidence that the grape seed extract could be a potential antibacterial agent and this effect can further be made evident with improved methodologies.</p>
Background Bacterial characterization is important in clinical and epidemiological studies. We herein report the first case of gas-producing Vibrio cholera gastroenteritis with acute kidney injury. Case presentation A 30-year-old female presented to the emergency department with complaints of about ten episodes of watery diarrhea, four episodes of vomiting and elevated serum urea/creatinine levels. Although the bacteria were first misidentified as Vibrio furnissii by gas production on carbohydrate fermentation and triple sugar iron agar, it was later confirmed as Vibrio cholerae by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and specific PCR. The treatment regimen was followed as for Vibrio species with intravenous fluids, ciprofloxacin and doxycycline. The patient recovered without relapse. Conclusions Literature survey from the PubMed database shows no gas-producing Vibrio cholerae isolate being reported in the world. Further, genotype studies are warranted to look into the gas production of Vibrio cholerae .
Dengue fever is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease, found to be endemic in tropical and subtropical countries. In recent decades, the incidence of dengue infection has increased around the world and has become a major public health concern. Materials and Methods: The prospective study was conducted during the period from July 2018 to
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