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Gallstones cause biliary obstruction in about 5 out of 1000 people, whereas 10 to 15% of the adult population in the United States will have gallstones at some point in their lives. Gall stones, also known as cholelithiasis, are the precursor of choledocholithiasis, which occurs when gall stones pass through the cystic duct and lodge in the common hepatic ducts, causing an obstruction. Routine labs and some specialized labs are used in the diagnosis of biliary blockage. Severe complications can happen if left unchecked such as damaging the hepatic dysfunction, renal failure, nutritional deficiencies, bleeding problems, and infections. Treatment depends on the causing effect of bile duct obstruction. Sphincterotomy with lithotripsy, choledochotomy, choledochoduodenostomy, choledochojejunostomy, or cholecystectomy are the most used for large gall stones treatment. This review looks at the prevalence, etiology and management of the disease.

Background: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of women death in the world. It can emerge at any age, but women above 40 are more commonly affected. Objective: To assess the public awareness of women towards breast cancer and methods of screening, and to determine the relationship between level of awareness with different socio-demographic factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among women of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, via non-probability sampling technique. Data collection was done through online self-administered questionnaire. Results: Total 431 women were included in this study. Almost 40% were aged 18 to 30 years. The mean awareness score of participants was 17.3 ± SD 3.5 out of a total of 24 points. More than half of females revealed good awareness (52.7%). In addition, about 72.6% women knew that breast cancer is very common and most of them admitted that different methods of screening are not harmful but useful. Breast lump was most frequently recognized symptom of breast cancer. Furthermore, significant associations were found between level of awareness and age, marital status, occupational status, and age of menarche. Conclusion: The results showed intermediate level breast cancer awareness and screening methods. However, this level still insufficient. Therefore, educational interventions are recommended to provide awareness of breast cancer. Above listed associated factors should be considered while applying these interventions.

Objective: To investigate surgical outcomes of tertiary and secondary hyperparathyroidism in King Salman Armed Forces hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A record-based research that was retrospective in nature was carried out between January 1, 2015 and August 1, 2022. The King Salman Armed Forces hospitals' documents were gathered, including all valid surgical records. A predesigned data collection pro forma was used to capture the data, which was then revised, coded and entered into the statistical programme IBM SPSS version 22. Results: 17 patients who had undergone hyper parathyroidectomy surgery and had a clinical diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism were included in the research. Among the patients, 11.8% had CKD and 88.2% also had hypertension. Following surgery, mean (SD) calcium levels substantially decreased from 2.31 (0.36) to 2.10 (0.29) (P=0.029). Additionally, there was a substantial decrease in phosphate mean levels from 2.06 (0.90) to 1.38 (0.63) (P=0.047). Additionally, there was a substantial decrease in creatinine levels from 752.52 (305.91) to 544.41 (301.33) (P=0.024). A substantial decrease in PTH mean levels was also observed, going from 1888.76 (77.38) pre-operative to 494.42 (577.74) post-operative (P=0.013). 35.7% of patients had hypocalcaemia and 11.8% had hematomas as post-operative complications. Conclusion: In individuals with chronic renal disease, complete parathyroidectomy with auto-transplantation is a safe and efficient method of treating tertiary and secondary hyper parathyroid disorders. The study sample did not have any recurrence, and the incidence of complications was quite low.