The conversion of waste obtained from agricultural processes into biocompatible materials (biomaterials) used in medical surgery is a strategy that will add more value in waste utilization. This strategy has successfully turned the rather untransformed wastes into high value products. Eggshell is an agricultural waste largely considered as useless and is discarded mostly because it contributes to pollution. This waste has potential for producing hydroxyapatite, a major component found in bone and teeth. Hydroxyapatite is an excellent material used in bone repair and tissue regeneration. The use of eggshell to generate hydroxyapatite will reduce the pollution effect of the waste and the subsequent conversion of the waste into a highly valuable product. In this paper, we reviewed the utilization of this agricultural waste (eggshell) in producing hydroxyapatite. The process of transforming eggshell into hydroxyapatite and nanohydroxyapatite is an environmentally friendly process. Eggshell based hydroxyapatite and nanohydroxyapatite stand as good chance of reducing the cost of treatment in bone repair or replacement with little impact on the environment.

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Antioxidative compounds play a vital role to inhibit the oxidation of oxidizable products and influences the body defense system against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are harmful byproducts engendered during normal aerobic cellular respiration. ROS are specialized class of highly reactive molecules that originates during oxygen metabolism, whereas extensive evidences indicate the involvement of ROS in the development of degenerative diseases in humans. Despite the fact that synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are threat to human's health; they are widely employed as chemical preservatives to avert potential deterioration of food products. Several toxicological findings reveal that natural antioxidants are capable of providing protection against free radical-related diseases, cancer and other cardiovascular infections. In cognizance with these facts, natural antioxidant attracts a great deal of research interest; therefore, this review provides a comprehensive and an up-to-date overview of the three most essential natural plant antioxidants; their antioxidative properties, methods of analysis and evaluation. These Polyphenols comprise: Phenolic acid, an essential polyphenol that are broadly dispersed in plants to exert positive influence on oxidative stress; Flavonoid, an ubiquitous antioxidant that functions in free radical scavenging, metal ion chelation and enzymes inhibition to suppress the synthesis of free radicals; and Tannic acid, a water soluble anti-nutrient that acts to precipitate alkaloids & proteins, reduce mineral & vitamin utilization and restrict the activities of digestive enzymes. In conclusion, a variety of plant species were characterized to indicate in vitro antioxidative properties.

Embryogenic callus induction from indica rice sub-species, upland cultivars has remain a challenging task, but plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been found to play a vital role in enhancing the production. Hence, solving this tricky problem and achieving optimum embryogenic callus induction from this special type of rice is a welcome development as a food security concern, while proper examination of the appropriate PGRs is the only solution. Here we reviewed on two auxins-PGRs that promote the embryogenic callus induction from upland rice, viz., 2,4-D and NAA with their recommendable quantity ranges. 2,4-D and NAA were the most commonly employed and discovered best growth hormones in PTC irrespective of explant in all cereal plants. They are found the most suitable hormones and positively upgrade the production of reproducible callus. Classical analyses implies that medium supplemented with such PGRs provides necessities for quality callus from upland rice. Evidences indicated that callus induction or somatic embryogenesis from matured seeds of upland rice is persuade by 2,4-D between 1.0-2.5 mg/L concentrations. Whereas for NAA, to obtain its desired effects on upland rice callus induction it must be fortified in concentrations ranging from 0.5 mg/L to 10 mg/L. But convincingly, 0.5-5.0 mg/L NAA with other PGR like 2,4-D would be more proper. Hence, extensive studies of these hormones and others will provide insights on their potentialities to embryogenic callus induction and probably identify more of their roles in PTC analysis.

Starch-branching enzymes (SBE) serves as the only enzyme generating glucan branches in green plants and consequently plays a significant role on the resulting starch final structure. Research on rice (Oryza sativa) SBE1 (OsSBE1) structural biology remain untapped. Therefore, there is a necessity for research on the enzyme molecular structure which could lead to the protein function annotation, starch production and energy booster drug design. Analysis of OsSBE1 secondary structure, domains and their interactions, enzyme 3D structure prediction and validation based on C-score were carried out. The OsSBE1 primary sequence was retrieved from GenBank and its secondary structure was predicted to be; α-helix (27.68%), extended strand (22.78%) and higher random coil (949.54%). Enzyme domains were found to be carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) 48 (isoamylase N-terminal domain), α-amylase catalytic domain and α-amylase C-terminal all-beta domain with active sites important amino acids asparagine and glutamic acid. From the five 3D models generated, model 3 displayed best prediction. The Ramachandran refinement has 97.3 amino acids residues in favoured region and 0.4 C-score. This bioinformatics study has elucidated on the OsSBE1 molecular model and first to report on its domain interaction.

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The wide range of uses of Moringa oleifera in recent time has witnessed increasing demand of its foliar and seed products in nutritional, medical and ecological applications. The upsurge of demand for these products needs to be balanced with new varieties of improved performance to meet the supply chain. To achieve this, morphological diversity assessment is prerequisite for future crop improvement programme. Therefore, numerical analyses of the external morphology of leaf and fruit of thirty accessions of Moringa oleifera were assessed. The study was carried out on both qualitative and quantitative characters to assess the diversity at morphological level to establish the phenetic relationships and the delimitation of accessions. Relationship studies showed considerable correlation between the leaf and fruits characters that produced clear and reproducible threats and were selected for diversity study. Numerical analysis of the qualitative and quantitative characters clustered the accessions into five groups – operational taxonomic units (OTUs) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 were clustered in group one; OTUs 6 and 8 were clustered in group two and three respectively; OTUs 15 and 16 in group four and OUT 23 in group five cluster membership. Principal Component Analysis was carried out to augment the Cluster Analysis which showed large morphological diversity existing in accessions of Moringa oleifera hence, infraspecific classification is hereby proposed.  These analysis particularly traits related to leaf and fruits yield can also be utilised for crop improvement programme.

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