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Abstracts The paper focuses on the conceptualization and measurement of global justice and discusses theories, concepts, evaluative principles, and methodologies related to the study of global justice. In this paper, we seek to clarify how to conceptualize global justice, how conceptual indicators can be selected and justified by theories, and how those indicators can be conceptually consistent with the concept of global justice. Global justice is a broad concept that is composed of multi-level and multidimensional aspects belonging to both normative and empirical realities. A coherent and integrated theoretical framework that covers the normative basis and various empirical dimensions is therefore much needed in order to address some of the basic and important questions under study. The paper seeks to synthesize the multiple theories and conceptions of global justice that exist in the academic discourse and literature into three main theoretical approaches to global justice—rights based, good based, and virtue based. These three approaches are a good sample of and reflect well the strengths of the different theoretical, intellectual and cultural traditions at play in the study of global justice. From this perspective, the synthesis of the three approaches is meant to provide us with a coherent theoretical framework that serves as the normative basis and justifies the selection of indicators for measurement.

The selective separation of strongly hydrophilic structurally related compounds in aqueous solutions is a long‐standing challenge due to a trade‐off between separation selectivity and capacity. This work shows a new method to separate strongly hydrophilic structurally related compounds through hydrophobic ionic solution‐based liquid‐liquid extraction, with L‐ascorbic acid 2‐glucoside (AA‐2G) and L‐ascorbic acid as model compounds. Extraordinary distribution coefficient, superb molecular selectivity, large extraction capacity and good recyclability without using strong acids and salts were all achieved, with a small consumption of phosphonium bromide ionic liquid and aprotic molecular diluent. The essence of this method is the successful combination of both strong hydrogen‐bond basicity and good hydrophobicity along with significant preferential solvation phenomena of the constructed ionic solutions. Even if at a high feed concentration of 100 mg/mL, the purity of AA‐2G could be greatly elevated from 50% to 96.2% with an ultrahigh yield of almost 100% after five‐stage countercurrent extraction. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1373–1382, 2018

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The Global Justice Index is a multiyear research project conducted at the Fudan-IAS to conceptualize and measure each country’s contribution to achieving greater global justice. In 2019, we completed our research project on first-year achievements, with the rankings of nation-states at the global level based on data from 2010 to 2017. This was published titled the “Global Justice Index Report” in Chinese Political Science Review (Vol. 5, No. 3, 2020). The “Global Justice Index Report 2020” is the second annual report based on our work analyzing data from 2010 to 2018, which was concluded in 2020. In order to better measure each country’s performance and contribution to achieving greater global justice, compared to the first edition published in 2020, we have improved the model, added the refugee issue to expand the issue areas to 10, and added new indicators, regional analysis and comparison in this report. The report comprises five main sections. In the introduction, we discuss the development of the conceptual framework and evaluative principles to justify our selection of dimensions and indicators for measurement. Next, in the section of methodology, we discuss the production, normalization, and aggregation of the raw data and the generation of the final results. In the findings section, we report the data, indicators and our results for the ten issues, and provide regional comparisons. And then, in the following section we present the main results, and report the ranking of each country’s contribution to achieving greater global justice. In the final section, we discuss the applications and limitations of the index, and its potential further research trajectories.