In present work, the modified chemical bath deposition method (CBD) called successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction effective coast method was used for deposited copper oxide CuO nanostructured thin films. Structural, surface texture and optical characteristics of the deposited films were studied as a function of low annealing temperature (150, 200 and 250) °C. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the as-deposited and annealed films exhibited low crystallinity of polycrystalline nature in the monoclinic phase. It is observed a fixed or very little increment of peaks intensity and the crystallinity of the deposited films with the increase of annealing temperature to 250 °C. The lattice constants were calculated and show good agreement with the standard values. The crystallite size was decreased, whereas the dislocation density and the number of crystallites were increased with the increment of annealing temperature. The average grain diameter was increased and the average surface roughness decreased with the increment of annealing temperature. The optical energy gap for the as-deposited film is 1.87eV and increased to (2.03, 2.06 and 2.09) eV with the increment of annealing temperatures. The Urbach tails energy width decreased from 0.91 eV to (0.73, 0.54 and 0.46) eV for as-deposited and annealed films at low temperatures (150, 200 and 250) °C respectively. The low annealing temperatures was used because the deposition process was performs at low temperatures below 100 °C, therefore_it can be concluded that the low annealing temperatures used in this work are not suitable temperatures for the growth of CuO films and it can be above 300 °C to enhance the film crystallinity and formation of CuO phase.

In this work, a solar and flash center was created by combining two organic dyes, erythrosine and rhodamine, with completely different concentrations. Throughout the spectra of fluorescence (F) and absorbance (A), the quantitative efficiency of the dye mixture was determined. It was manufactured from a panel of epoxy containing a mixture of the two dyes using open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Isc), fill factor (FF), and solar cell efficiency (η). It was found that a 1 mm thickness of the panel works best in increasing the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell.

In this work, a computational investigation was used to design and study new materials based on carminic acid isomers as organic dyes for DSSCs. Density functional theory (DFT) was applied to report the ground state and the excited state characteristic was reported by utilizing time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) methods. Some electronic, optical, photolytic and electron transfer properties are evaluated to achieve our study. The results indicate that modifying the chemical structure of a dye by doping improves light harvesting efficiency while reducing the driving force for electron injection and the potential of dye renewal while boosting dye aggregation on the electrode surface. The new structures dyes displays strong charge transfer absorption bands in the visible, excellent electronic, sufficient driving force and photoelectric conversion efficiency in comparison with carminic acid. Also, All suggested dyes have sufficient properties to achieve high PCE of the DSSCs. These results are adequate for a potential effective electron injection process. Accordingly, the theoretical methods are significant to provide experimental methods for designing new, highly efficient materials for optoelectronic applications.

In this work, a solar concentrator was constructed using liquid crystalline material of the isotropic type to increase the efficiency of the solar cell. Two different concentrations of this liquid crystal were prepared and mixed with epoxy resin to manufacture the plates with an equal area of solar cell space. having Considered this kind of mixture, it was found that a high concentration of this material has contributed to increase the efficiency of the solar cell from 8.51 to 10.85, were also calculated the absorption, fluorescence spectra, short circuit current (Isc), open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor(FF). The quantum efficiency of fluorescence in this concentration was (93%, 90%).

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