Understanding the impact and duration (consequences) of different component failures (cause) in a water supply and distribution system (WSDS) is a critical task for water utilities to develop effective preparation and response plans. During the last three decades, few efforts have been devoted to developing a visualization tool to display the relationship between the failure cause and its consequences. This study proposes two visualization methods to effectively show the relationship between the two failure entities: A failure cause–impact–duration (CID) plot, and a bubble plot. The former is drawn for an effective snapshot on the range (extent) of failure duration and the impact of different failures, whereas the latter provides failure frequency information. A simple and practical failure classification system is also introduced for producing the two proposed plots effectively. To verify the visualization schemes, we collected records of 331 WSDS component failures that occurred in South Korea between 1980 and 2018. Results showed that (1) the proposed CID plot can serve as a useful tool for identifying most minor and major WSDS failures, and (2) the proposed bubble plot is useful for determining significant component failures with respect to their failure consequences and occurrence likelihoods.
The water distribution system is an infrastructure system supplying water to urban areas. Since it has a great influence on the quality of life and financial aspect of customers, the performance evaluation of the system for an efficient management and operation is essential. Until now, most of the suggested performance indicators for the system are based on the available demand and pressure at demand nodes obtained from the hydraulic simulation. However, those performance indicators based on the hydraulic simulation may not consider the actual usability of water for customers properly. Therefore, in this study, the application of fuzzy functions along with the available demands at demand nodes, which are obtained from the hydraulic simulation, from the various points of view, makes us possible to evaluate the system performance by depending on the set value of the variables. For this purpose, we use a PDA model, which can simulate various abnormal operation conditions and suggest two performance indicators: the possible water supply range indicator (PWSRI) for the water supply performance evaluation for an individual demand node and the possible water supply indicator for the entire system (PWSIES). The suggested method and indicators are applied to the real water distribution system of A-city in Korea to verify the applicability.
The water distribution system is an important social infrastructure providing customers with stable and safe water supply. The fact, however, is that it is not free from various abnormal situations arising from internal / external factors. In case of a water supply failure due to an abnormal situation, the emergency interconnected operation between adjacent blocks in the system is one of the most effective countermeasures. To simulate these types of emergency operations, existing hydraulic analysis model which are based on infinite source assumption may result in unrealistic results such as negative pressure at demand nodes. Having more realistic simulation results from these situations, it is required to use an A-PDA model considering the reservoir volume and the inflow volume of the reservoir. With this consideration, the A-PDA model can simulate the condition of the limited amount of water supply. We apply the A-PDA model to the emergency interconnected operation between adjacent blocks in a city in Korea and find that more realistic results can obtained comparing with the results obtained from the PDA model which is based on the unlimited water supply.
There are various methods for the rainfall time distribution and numerous theoretical approaches have been proposed in many countries. The fact, however, is that only used model in each country are presented as official guidelines. In Korea, the Huff's method is generally used, but several problems have been proposed. Therefore, in this study, we developed the time distribution method using actual rainfall and verify its applicability. It is very reasonable to utilize the time distribution pattern which reflects the regional rainfall characteristics for designing the structures. In this study, a total of 172,851 storm events were extracted from 69 meteorological stations, and the hourly maximum rainfall over 30mm was separated to analyze the each event. Considering actual rainfall characteristic to drive the time distribution, we suggested the conditions and constraints to distribute the rainfall. Additionally, the constraint time distribution method can be applied to cases where peak runoff and runoff volume are crucial.
Emergency interconnected operation (EIO) between adjacent blocks in a water distribution system (WDS) is one of the most effective countermeasures of a water utility when abnormal conditions (e.g., suspended water supply, pipe burst) occur at a certain location. For improved WDS operation and management, calculating a reliable performance indicator that accurately represents the states of consumers under both normal and abnormal conditions is essential. In this study, a water supply performance indicator (WSPI) was developed for assessing the hydraulic performance of a WDS in terms of consumer usability and satisfaction. A fuzzy function is used to represent the consumer satisfaction with the water supply level, and the satisfaction of different consumers can be adjusted by setting the variables of the fuzzy function. The WSPI can be applied to a hydraulic analysis model based on data from an actual WDS to assess the water supply capacity for each node and the entire network. It can also be used in an advanced pressure-driven analysis model to assess the WDS performance under various abnormal conditions. The proposed WSPI was applied to six suspended water supply scenarios of an actual WDS with and without EIO to assess the effectiveness of this countermeasure.
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