Surveillance for Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) infection in children up to 15 years of age was carried out in Brazil, from 1988 to 1990. Patients with acute neurological diseases (AND) such as flaccid paralysis, Bell's palsy, acute cerebellar ataxia and Guillain-Barré syndrome were included in the study. EV-71 infection was detected in 24 of 426 children (5.6%) with AND. EV-71 infection was confirmed only by virus isolation in 13 children, by virus isolation and seroconversion in 4, and by seroconversion alone in 7. EV-71 was also isolated from 15 of the 427 household contacts (3.5%) of 165 AND patients. There was some evidence of high infectivity of EV-71: household clusters were detected in the case of 7 of 24 children (29.1%) infected with EV-71 and manifesting AND; EV-71 was isolated from 11/40 household contacts (27.5%) of the infected patients but from only 4/387 household contacts (1.0%) of children in whom it was not possible to demonstrate EV-71 infection. Seven of the 24 children infected with EV-71 exhibited residual motor deficiency when examined 6 months after the disease onset. The relevance of these results for the Plan for Global Eradication of Wild Poliovirus is discussed, as well as the need to increase knowledge about the behaviour of this virus and its possible association with AND.

Nasopharyngeal secretions obtained from 94 children with acute respiratory illness were examined for the presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, and influenza virus type A by virus culturing (virus isolation technique [VIT]), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Similar results were obtained in at least two tests for RSV, influenza virus type A, and adenovirus in 92 (97.9%), 88 (93.6%), and 88 (93.6%) cases, respectively. Both rapid virus detection methods showed good specificity for the diagnosis of these virus infections (.90.7%) and were more sensitive than was VIT for RSV detection. In a more accurate statistical analysis, the indexes of agreement between VIT and ELISA were substantial for RSV (K = 0.69; z = 5.5; P < 0.0001), influenza virus type A (K = 0.67; z = 5.3; P < 0.0001), and adenovirus (K = 0.71; z = 6.0; P < 0.0001), while it was almost perfect for RSV when ELISA was compared with IFA (K = 0.88; z = 5.7; P < 0.0001). Although the observed agreement was good in the comparison of these two tests for these three viruses (89%), the indexes of agreement were moderate in the comparison of IFA and VIT for RSV (K = 0.55; z = 2.0; P < 0.05), influenza virus type A (K = 0.42; z = 9.7; P < 0.0001), and adenovirus (K = 0.41; z = 6.5; P < 0.0001) and of ELISA and IFA for influenza virus type A (K = 0.55; z = 7.0; P < 0.0001) and adenovirus (K = 0.59; z = 6.8; P < 0.0001). All of the statistical evaluations demonstrated better agreement between ELISA and VIT for influenza virus type A and adenovirus.

Estudou-se coorte constituída de uma amostra probabilística (N=468) de crianças menores de 5 anos, residentes em 5 áreas do Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil), acompanhada durante 1 ano, por meio de entrevistas mensais. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no período de março de 1986 a maio de 1987. Entre as características sociais e econômicas das famílias das crianças estudadas, estão: a) mediana da renda familiar "per capita" de um salário-mínimo da época; b) 29,3% das crianças tinham pais migrantes com tempo médio de fixação no Município de São Paulo de 18,6 anos; c) 40% das famílias utilizavam exclusivamente serviços de saúde públicos ou filantrópicos. Das crianças estudadas, 87,3% eram eutróficas; 94% haviam recebido todas as doses de vacina preconizadas pelo Programa Nacional de Imunizações; 90,6% nunca haviam sido internadas em conseqüência de infecção respiratória aguda (IRA). Durante a investigação foram identificados 554 episódios de IRA, com uma duração média de 6,8 dias, e uma incidência de 11,08 episódios por 100 crianças/mês. O grupo etário mais atingido foi o dos menores de 1 ano. Em 36,1% dos casos de IRA identificados, verificaram-se eventos semelhantes no mesmo domicílio, sendo que em 53% desses episódios o caso-índice foi uma criança menor de 6 anos. Quanto ao tipo de atendimento, em 45,7% dos episódios as crianças foram tratadas pelas próprias mães, 6,9% recorreram a farmacêuticos, 46,7% foram atendidas em diferentes tipos de ambulatórios e somente 4 casos (0,7%) necessitaram tratamento hospitalar, com um deles evoluindo para óbito. As medidas terapêuticas mais utilizadas entre os casos que demandaram assistência médica foram a antibioticoterapia e os expectorantes. Alguns fatores socioeconômicos e antecedentes pessoais, tais como condições habitacionais, aglomeração intradomiciliar assim como antecedentes de doenças respiratórias, mostraram-se associados à incidência mais elevada de IRA.

SUMMARYIn order to define an accurate assay for anti adenovirus antibody detection, a recently developed ELISA was compared with IFA and CF. On 58 sera, the ELISA was more sensitive than both CF and IFA, which showed relative sensitivities of 63% and 94% . respectively. It was not possible to determine the exact specificity of the tests because of the lack of a gold standard. Furthermore, the ELISA was used to define the prevalence of adenovirus antibodies in 116 infants between 1 and 24 months old (mean 7.28). The data showed that maternal antibodies waned by the age of 5 to 6 months and that more than 80% of the children had been infected by adenoviruses by the age of 10 months.KEY WORDS: Adenovirus serology; Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Adeno virus infection in children.

SUMMARYFrom June to July 1999 an outbreak of acute respiratory illness occurred in the town of Iporanga. Out of a total of 4,837 inhabitants, 324 cases were notified to the Regional Surveillance Service. Influenza virus was isolated from 57.1% of the collected samples and 100% seroconversion to influenza A (H1N1) was obtained in 20 paired sera tested. The isolates were related to the A/ Bayern/07/95 strain (H1N1). The percentages of cases notified during the outbreak were 28.4%, 29.0%, 20.7%, 6.2% and 15.7% in the age groups of 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and older than 20 years, respectively. The highest proportion of positives was observed among children younger than 14 years and no cases were notified in people older than 65 years, none of whom had been recently vaccinated against influenza. These findings suggest a significant vaccine protection against A/Bayern/7/95, the H1 component included in the 1997-98 influenza vaccine for elderly people. This viral strain is antigenically and genetically related to A/Beijing/ 262/95, the H1 component of the 1999 vaccine. Vaccines containing A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1) stimulated post-immunization hemagglutination inhibition antibodies equivalent in frequency and titre to both A/Beijing/262/95-like and A/Bayern/7/95-like viruses. Thus, this investigation demonstrates the effectiveness of vaccination against influenza virus in the elderly.