Outbreak of influenza type A (H1N1) in Iporanga, São Paulo State, Brazil

Paiva, Terezinha Maria de; Ishida, María Akíko; Hanashiro, Kazue Aparecida Yamamoto; Scolaro, Regina Maria; Gonçalves, Maria Gisele; Benega, Margareth Aparecida; Oliveira, Meire Aparecida S.; Cruz, Ana M.; Takimoto, Sueko

doi:10.1590/s0036-46652001000600002

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…These Brazilian data are in agreement with data from other studies that indicate at high level of circulation of H1N1 2009 influenza viruses among older children in the community 4 .…”

Section: Ethical Considerationssupporting

confidence: 92%

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Surveillance of influenza A H1N1 2009 among school children during 2009 and 2010 in São Paulo, Brazil

Guatura

Watanabe

Camargo

et al. 2012

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Influenza A H1N1 2009 is associated with a high morbidity rate among children around the world, including Brazil. This survey was conducted on samples of symptomatic children (≤ 12 years) to investigate the influenza virus as the etiological agent of respiratory infections in a day care school in a health facility during the first and second pandemic wave of H1N1 (2009)(2010) in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Influenza infections were determined by real-time PCR in 34% (47/137) of children with a median age of 5 years (8 months -12 years), from June to October 2009 and in 16% (14/85) of those with median age of 6 years (1-12 years), from March to November 2010. Results: In general, most positive cases (64%) occurred in children aged 5-12 years, this age group was significantly the most affected (39.8%, p = 0.001, OR = 8.3, CI 95% 1.9-36.9). Wheezing was reported by 31% (19/61) and dyspnea by 23% (14/61) of the studied patients. An outbreak of influenza H1N1 with an attack rate of 35.7% among children (median age 6 years) was documented in April 2010, before the vaccination campaign against the pandemic virus was extended for children up to 5 years in Brazil. Conclusions: Therefore, the study reinforces the recommendation to immunize school children to reduce the incidence of the disease.

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“…These Brazilian data are in agreement with data from other studies that indicate at high level of circulation of H1N1 2009 influenza viruses among older children in the community 4 .…”

Section: Ethical Considerationssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Another study conducted in São Paulo, Brazil, among children and young adults described a higher incidence in children younger than 14 years and suggested that vaccination against influenza virus is efficient and necessary every year 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance of influenza A H1N1 2009 among school children during 2009 and 2010 in São Paulo, Brazil

Guatura

Watanabe

Camargo

et al. 2012

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…These observations reaffirm the importance of persistent surveillance and the need to improve reliable methodologies for viral detection. A number of investigators have described the involvement of viruses in respiratory diseases in immunocompromised patients and a great prevalence of the FLU (Paiva et al 2001, Ison & Hayden 2002.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology and antigenic characterization of influenza viruses isolated in Curitiba, South Brazil

Vidal

Siqueira

Nogueira³

et al. 2008

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Several studies conducted all over the world have reported that the influenza virus is associated with great morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, we analyzed the incidence of the influenza virus between 2000 and 2003 in Curitiba. We studied 1621 samples obtained from outpatients and hospitalized patients of both sexes and all ages. The study was conducted at the local primary care health units (outpatients) and at the tertiary care unit (hospitalized) of the General Hospital of the Federal University in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and, eventually, bronchoalveolar lavage were assayed for the presence of viral antigens, either by indirect immunofluorescence or cell culture. Of the samples studied, 135 (8.3%) were positive for influenza virus, and of those, 103 (76.3%) were positive for type A and 32 (23.7%) for type B. Additionally, positive samples were analyzed by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction and subtypes H1 and H3 were identified from this group. A high incidence of positive samples was observed mainly in the months with lower temperatures. Furthermore, outpatients showed a higher incidence of influenza viruses than hospitalized patients.

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“…12,13 In temperate countries and in the South and Southeast of Brazil, influenza virus epidemics typically occur during the winter months. 14,15 In regions with tropical climates, however, they can happen at any time of year, sometimes more than once a year, and may be associated with rainy seasons. 16 The circulation of the influenza virus is global and annual epidemics and pandemics are associated with population immunity to the subtype in circulation, with the epidemics being associated with small variations within a subtype (antigenic drift) and pandemics with major antigenic variation (antigenic shift).…”

Section: Biology and Epidemiology Of The Influenza Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segurança, imunogenicidade e eficácia da vacina contra o vírus influenza em crianças

Cintra¹,

Rey²

2006

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objectives: To review the immunogenicity, safety and efficacy of inactivated and attenuated trivalent influenza vaccines in children.Sources of data: Database search of the medical literature indexed on MEDLINE, LILACS and in the Cochrane Library. Review articles, clinical trials and epidemiological studies published from 1990 to 2006 were selected for analysis. Summary of the findings:Influenza is an infectious disease that is both universal and seasonal, with incidence in all age groups and annual epidemics characterized by excessive morbidity and mortality. The elderly and people with comorbidity are high risk groups for severe influenza. It has recently been proven that healthy infants suffer similar morbidity to other risk groups, and therefore vaccination against influenza is indicated for them too, as being the most effective means of preventing infection by the influenza virus. The safety of influenza vaccines in children appears adequate, with the most often observed adverse effects being local reactions or fever. Immunogenicity in children varies from 30 to 90%, being directly proportional to age. Efficacy depends on the primary objective and can range from levels comparable with placebo to up to 91% efficacy against confirmed influenza A infection. Schoolchildren play an important role in the dissemination of the influenza virus, and population studies have demonstrated herd immunity.

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Outbreak of influenza type A (H1N1) in Iporanga, São Paulo State, Brazil

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

Surveillance of influenza A H1N1 2009 among school children during 2009 and 2010 in São Paulo, Brazil

Surveillance of influenza A H1N1 2009 among school children during 2009 and 2010 in São Paulo, Brazil

The epidemiology and antigenic characterization of influenza viruses isolated in Curitiba, South Brazil

Segurança, imunogenicidade e eficácia da vacina contra o vírus influenza em crianças

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