Zilongjin (ZLJ) tablet, which is a traditional Chinese medicine, has been approved as a new anti-tumor drug by the State Food and Drug Administration of China; however, its anti-cancer mechanisms remain elusive. The goal of this study was to investigate the underlying anti-cancer activities of ZLJ tablet in vitro. In this study, four lung cancer cell lines, A549, H446, H460 and H520, were treated with 2.2 mg/mL of ZLJ solution for 24 h at 37 °C under 5% CO(2) . RNA was isolated and a microarray experiment using the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 plus 2.0 Array was employed to differentiate the expression patterns of cancer-related genes after drug treatment. Of 483 genes in 63 functional categories and 25 different pathways that showed at least a 2-fold change of expression level in the four cancer cell lines, 170 genes were upregulated, and 313 genes were downregulated. Eleven of the 483 genes were cancer-related and belong to the three known pathways: apoptosis, cell cycle regulation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. The microarray data were validated by real-time RT-PCR. The results of this investigation suggest possible anti-cancer mechanisms of the ZLJ tablet, and lay a foundation to further analyse its therapeutic roles.
Molybdenum-based nanomaterials have shown promise for
anticancer
treatment due to their strong photothermal and redox-activated capabilities.
Herein, we have fabricated cerium-doped MoO
x
(Ce-MoOv) with tunable Mo/Ce molar ratios by a one-pot
method and investigated their effect on chemodynamic therapy (CDT)
and photothermal therapy (PTT). It is found that Ce-MoOv can self-assemble into nanoclusters in acidic conditions and the
increasing Ce amount will generate oxygen vacancy defects and induce
the valence change of Mo6+/Mo5+ and Ce4+/Ce3+, which leads to strong near-infrared absorption
with high photothermal conversion efficiency of 71.31 and 49.86% for
808 and 1064 nm. Other than photothermal conversion, the materials
demonstrate pH-/glutathione (GSH)-activated photoacoustic (PA) imaging
capability in vitro. In addition, Ce-MoOv acts as a CDT reagent capable of converting endogenous H2O2 to two types of reactive oxygen species (•OH, 1O2) while depleting GSH. Ce-MoOv demonstrates an excellent therapeutic effect against HCT116 cells
and effectively reduces the intracellular GSH level and significantly
increases the number of reactive radicals under 1064 nm laser irradiation
as compared with the no-laser group in vitro. This
work provides a new paradigm using lanthanide-doped polymetallic oxides
for pH-/GSH-responsive photothermal/chemodynamic therapy with PA imaging
ability.
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