Although there is increasing acknowledgement that employees' creative ideas are fundamental for product innovation, and many companies use cross‐functional teams to increase employee creativity, there has been little empirical testing of how individual personality and group context interactively affect individual creativity. The purpose of this study is threefold: to examine the relationship between personality and individual creativity; to assess how this relationship interacts with group diversity; and to determine whether the interaction effects between personality traits and gender diversity are mediated by individual knowledge sharing. The results of an experiment based on a sample of 142 working adults show that openness to experience and extraversion are positively related to individual creativity, whereas neuroticism and conscientiousness are negatively related to individual creativity. Furthermore, the impacts of openness to experience and extraversion on individual creativity, respectively, are moderated by both functional diversity and gender diversity. In addition, these interaction effects are mediated by individual knowledge sharing. Interestingly, this study also finds that the direction of functional diversity's moderating effects depends on the level of group diversity.

Ductile linings have been proved to be highly effective for tunnelling in heavy squeezing grounds. But there still has not been a well-established design method for them. In this paper, an investigation on an analytical design method for ductile tunnel linings is performed. Firstly, a solution in closed form for ground response of a circular tunnel within Burgers viscoelastic rocks is derived, accounting for the displacement release effect. Then based on the principle of equivalent deformation, the mechanical model of segmental shotcrete linings with yielding elements is established using the homogenization approach. Analytical prediction for behaviour of ductile tunnel linings is provided. Furthermore, the proposed design method for ductile tunnel linings is applied in Saint Martin La Porte access tunnel and the analytical prediction is in good agreement with field monitoring data. Finally, a parametric investigation on the influence of yielding elements on performance of ductile tunnel linings is conducted. Results show that the length of yielding elements poses a great influence on linings. It is feasible and effective to increase the length of yielding elements to obtain the pressure within the bearing capacity of linings. However, yield stress of yielding elements does not significantly affect the performance of the lining. It is suggested to apply yielding elements with relatively higher yield stress in linings for higher stability.

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The utilization of highly deformable elements in lining has been proved to be an effective measure to control large deformations occurring in tunnels excavated in severe squeezing rocks. However, there exists no practiced method to transfer these benefits into engineering design. In this paper, the effect of highly deformable elements on tunnel responses is analytically conducted. The whole deformation of lining is divided into two parts to process, consisting of the first deformation of highly deformable elements and then that of segmental lining. Viscoelastic analytical solutions for lining pressure and tunnel displacement in the two deforming stages are derived, respectively. In addition, the analytical solutions are validated by comparing the predicted results with corresponding existing solutions. Good agreements between them can be achieved. Furthermore, a parametric investigation on the influence of highly deformable elements on tunnel performance is carried out. Results show that in linear viscoelastic rocks, there exists a linear relationship between lining pressure or tunnel displacement and length of the highly deformable elements with their numbers in lining remaining constant. The same lining pressure or tunnel displacement can be achieved under the condition of equal total length of highly deformable elements. Lining pressure or tunnel displacement linearly changes with Young’s modulus of highly deformable elements as well. This paper can provide a new trail to quickly and reliably evaluate the response of a tunnel where highly deformable elements are applied.

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