As catch and release angling (C&R) behavior increases, more knowledge is needed to understand the influence of norms and perceived consequences. Based on a survey of salmon anglers (n = 656) in Lakselv River, Norway, we showed that norms and awareness of consequences influence anglers' behavioral intention of voluntarily releasing fish. Awareness of consequences had stronger impact on C&R behaviour than the perceived social norm. The results from the structural modeling supported our initial conceptual model, and suggest that voluntary C&R is a process where the individual angler considers the biophysical (ecology, setting, species, status of stocks) and social setting in addition to other factors. Future research should look further into the cognitive part of obligation to do C&R, the more affective or emotional components of sanctions of doing or not doing C&R and the influence of knowledge, in different angler subpopulations and between types of fisheries.

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Q1Atlantic salmon sport fisheries have declined remarkably in many countries and participation seems to correlate with salmon abundance. We investigated angling participation in the Atlantic salmon sport fishery in Norwegian rivers by incorporating facilitators for participation in a constraint-negotiation model. We conducted an Internet survey of Norwegian anglers yielding 3,635 responses (40% response rate). The structural model confirmed our hypotheses and supported the conceptual constraints-effects-mitigation model of leisure constraint negotiation.Of the constraints and facilitators investigated, the structural constraints and facilitators subcategory "quality of fishing" exerted the largest influence on angling participation. The influence of constraints and facilitators was mitigated by use of corresponding negotiation strategies where "skills, knowledge, and money," and different substitution strategies were important. To increase participation, we suggest increasing salmon abundance, offering longer fishing stretches per angler, and providing better information about where to book salmon angling.

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