This work is a numerical study of the use of ammonia and hydrogen in a high-pressure-dual-fuel (HPDF) combustion. The main fuels (hydrogen and ammonia) are direct injected and ignited by a small amount of direct injected pilot fuel. The fuels are injected using a dual fuel injector from Woodward L’Orange, which can induce two fuels independently at high pressures up to 1800 bar for the pilot fuel and maximum 500 bar for the main. The numerical CFD-model gets validated for of hydrogen-HPDF with experimental data. Due to safety issues at the test rig it was not possible to use ammonia in the experiments, so it is modelled using the numerical model. It is assumed that the CFD-model also gives qualitative correct results for the use of ammonia as main fuel, so a parameter study of ammonia-HPDF is made. The results for the hydrogen-HPDF show, that hydrogen can be used in the engine without any further modifications. The combustion is very stable, and the hydrogen ignites almost immediately when it enters the combustion chamber. The results of the ammonia combustion indicate, that the HPDF combustion mode can handle ammonia effectively. It seems beneficial to inject the ammonia at higher pressures than hydrogen. Also pre-heating the ammonia can increase the combustion efficiency.
Renewable and sustainable fuels (based on electricity) will play a key role in future scenarios for power supply. Enabling storage and distribution of local and temporal fluctuations of renewable energies, different e-fuels with varying production processes and characteristics get interesting for different locations. For reconversion of the chemical energy, a fuel-flexible internal combustion engine with a High Pressure Dual Fuel (HPDF) combustion process is suitable for different e-fuels. As the combustion process is the main influence on emissions, combustion behavior of the studied fuels hydrogen, methane, methanol and ammonia, ignited by the pilot fuels Fischer-Tropsch diesel and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME), is investigated in varying fuel pairings. In addition, a review of production efficiencies and important characteristics like toxicity and storage method is given. Afterwards, the application of the investigated fuels in HPDF-combustion is investigated. The investigations are conducted with a numerical 3D-CFD model of a large bore high speed single cylinder research engine. The differences in ignition and combustion when using diesel or OME as pilot fuel are shown and a comparison of the emissions for the used main fuels is given.
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