This contribution concerns the role of war among the Swahili and offers a functional interpretation of the fortifications of Kilwa and Pemba within the framework of the relationships between the Swahili, the hinterland populations and the traders from Arabia, Persia or India.
This article is the first systematic investigation on the location, layout,
design and functions of Fāṭimid gardens. Our study is based on
primary sources and focuses on different elements of the recreational and
ceremonial functions of gardens. Very little is known about the layout of the
royal Fāṭimid gardens because no garden has survived or been
excavated so far as we are aware. However, we collected physical insights on the
layout and shape of these Fāṭimid gardens through different
archaeological excavations in Cairo and outside of Egypt, including our recent
discoveries and the garden that we found in Darrāsa.
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