Impaired awareness is an important symptom in aMCI. Yet, given the considerable variability in awareness scores, longitudinal studies are required to evaluate their predictive power.

Approximately 15% of PD patients seeking help in a movement disorder clinic report significant SMCs, with an increasing degree from cognitively healthy PD to PD-MCI. Significant DSs increase SMCs across all cognitive status groups.

Klug, S. (2010). Monophyly, phylogeny and systematic position of the †Synechodontifor-mes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii). -Zoologica Scripta, 39, 37-49. Identifying the monophyly and systematic position of extinct sharks is one of the major challenges in reconstructing the phylogeny and evolutionary history of sharks in general. Although great progress has been accomplished in the last few decades with regard to resolving the interrelationships of living sharks, a comprehensive phylogeny identifying the systematic position of problematic or exclusively fossil taxa is still lacking. Fossil taxa traditionally assigned to synechodontiform sharks are very diverse with a fossil record extending back into the Palaeozoic but with uncertain inter-and intrarelationships. Here, phylogenetic analyses using robust cladistic principles are presented for the first time to evaluate the monophyly of this group, their intrarelationships and their systematic position within Neoselachii. According to the results of this study, taxa assigned to this group form a monophyletic clade, the †Synechodontiformes. This group is sister to all living sharks and displays a suite of neoselachian characters. Consequently, the concept of neoselachian systematics needs to be enlarged to include this completely extinct group, which is considered to represent stem-group neoselachians. The origin of modern sharks can be traced back into the Late Permian (250 Mya) based on the fossil record of †Synechodontiformes. The systematic position of batoids remains contradictory, which relates to the use of different data (molecular vs. morphological) in phylogentic analyses.

SCD is a heterogeneous clinical condition. Specific features such as slightly impaired ADL and depressive symptoms are associated with SCD. Clinical markers may serve as an indicator for preclinical AD and in combination with biomarkers guide to an early diagnosis of a progressive neurodegenerative disease.

Different interpretations on the timing of early diversification and radiation of modern sharks and batoids (Neoselachii) in the Earth's history exist and are related to discrepancies in taxonomic and phylogenetic interpretations favouring a Late Triassic or earliest Jurassic diversification and subsequent radiation event, respectively. Sampling standardization based on pooled taxonomic occurrences made it possible to overcome the problem of a much richer neoselachian record in the Late Jurassic than earlier on. The standardized pattern of genus richness is one of low and fairly constant diversity in the Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic with a steep rise in the Toarcian (ca 180 Myr ago), representing the maximum diversification rate in the Jurassic towards a Middle and Late Jurassic plateau. The major Toarcian diversification agrees with the conclusions based on phylogenetic analyses, but is in conflict with older interpretations based on raw data. Early Jurassic expansion of neoselachians was opportunistic in the aftermath of the end-Triassic mass extinction and the reasons for their rapid diversification and radiation probably include small body size, short lifespans and oviparity, enabling faster ecological reorganizations and innovations in body plans for adapting to changing environmental conditions.

A large proportion of patients seeking help in a memory outpatient clinic report considerable SMC, with an increasing degree from cognitively healthy elderly to aMCI. Depressive status increases SMC consistently across groups with different cognitive status.

HPV types 16 and 18 have been categorized as human carcinogens based on their strong associations with cervical cancer in previous case-control studies. Recent IARC studies in the Philippines, Thailand and Morocco show strong associations between invasive cervical cancer and less common HPV types, including HPV 31, 33, 45, 51, 52 and 58. We present results of a further IARC case-control study conducted in Asunció n, Paraguay, to examine the association between specific HPV types and invasive cervical cancer as well as risk factors other than HPV. One-hundred thirteen incident histologically confirmed invasive cervical cancer cases and 91 age-matched hospital controls were recruited. A standardized questionnaire was administered to investigate known and suspected risk factors for cervical cancer. For HPV status determination, cervical biopsy specimens from case subjects and exfoliated cervical cells from control subjects were obtained. HPV DNA was ascertained using a GP5؉/6؉ PCR-based assay capable of detecting more than 33 HPV types. Overall HPV prevalence was 97% in the cervical cancer cases and 20% in the control subjects. As a single infection, HPV 16 was the predominant type with a prevalence of 48% among case subjects and 5.5% among control subjects. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the world and in developing countries. In the early 1990s, the worldwide age-standardized incidence rates of cervical cancer ranged from 2.6/100,000 women in Qidong, China, to 67.2/100,000 women in Harare, Zimbabwe (Parkin et al., 1997). Paraguay, a South American country with an estimated population of 4.8 million, had a notably high cervical cancer incidence rate of 41.1/100,000 in 1990. This is the second highest cervical cancer incidence rate in South America after Bolivia yet higher than in Brazil, Ecuador and Colombia. (IARC, 1998) Certain human papillomavirus (HPV) types have been demonstrated to be the primary etiological agents for cervical cancer (IARC, 1995). HPV types 16 and 18 have been categorized as human carcinogens based on their strong associations with cervical cancer (Munoz et al., 1992; IARC, 1995). IARC-conducted invasive cervical cancer case-control studies in the Philippines (Ngelangel et al., 1998), Thailand (Chichareon et al., 1998, Brazil (Eluf-Neto et al., 1994) and Morocco (Chaouki et al., 1998) confirmed the strong associations between invasive cervical cancer and HPV types 16 and 18 and showed similar strong associations with less common HPV types, including HPV 31, 33, 45, 51, 52 and 58. Further data on the association between these less common HPV types and invasive cervical cancer risk are currently needed.We present results of an IARC study of invasive cervical cancer conducted in Asunción, Paraguay. Our report examines the association between invasive cervical cancer and specific HPV types as well as other risk factors of invasive cervical cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS SubjectsBetween December 1988 and May 1990, 116 patients with invasive cervical cancer and 1...

deep-sea adaptation in dogfish sharks: insights from a supertree of extinct and extant taxa. -Zoologica Scripta, 39, 331-342. Dogfish sharks (Squaliformes) constitute a monophyletic group of predominantly deep-water neoselachians, but the reasons and timing of their adaptation to this hostile environment remain ambiguous. Late Cretaceous dogfish sharks, which generally would be associated with deep-water occur predominantly in shallow water environments. Did the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event that eliminated large numbers of both terrestrial and aquatic taxa and clades including sharks trigger the evolutionary adaptation of present deep-water dogfish sharks? Here, we construct, date, and analyse a genus-level phylogeny of extinct and living dogfish sharks to bring a new perspective to this question. For this, eleven partial source trees of dogfish shark interrelationships were merged to create a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis. The resulting supertree is the most inclusive estimate of squaliform interrelationships that has been proposed to date containing 23 fossil and extant members of all major groups. †Eoetmopterus represents the oldest dalatoid. †Micro-etmopterus, †Paraphorosoides, †Proetmopterus and †Squaliogaleus are stem-group dalatoids in which bioluminescence most likely was not developed. According to our analyses, bioluminescence in dogfish sharks was already developed in the early Late Cretaceous indicating that these sharks adapted to deep-water conditions most likely at about 100 Mya. The advantage of this reconstruction is that the fossil record is used directly for age node estimates rather than employing molecular clock approaches.