In this paper, a framework is presented for the evaluation of smart grid environment which is called the three-layer model. This three-layer model comprises three specific categories, or ‘layers’, namely, the stakeholder, market and technologies layers. Each layer is defined and explored herein, using an extensive literature study regarding their key elements, their descriptions and an overview of the findings from the literature. The assumption behind this study is that a solid understanding of each of the three layers and their interrelations will help in more effective assessment of residential smart grid pilots in order to better design products and services and deploy smart grid technologies in networks. Based on our review, we conclude that, in many studies, social factors associated with smart grid pilots, such as markets, social acceptance, and end-user and stakeholder demands, are most commonly defined as uncertainties and are therefore considered separately from the technical aspects of smart grids. As such, it is recommended that, in future assessments, the stakeholder and market layers should be combined with the technologies layer so as to enhance interaction between these three layers, and to be able to better evaluate residential smart energy systems in a multidisciplinary context.
Based on existing low and medium voltage grids from distribution system operators and future scenarios of PV and EV penetration, critical load scenarios which lead to violations of relevant KPIs are to be developed in the scope of PlanGridEV. In the course of the gap analysis the expected limits of DER hosting capacities were identified. The method for developing and simulating the different scenarios is following a state-of-the-art approach. Results for each power grid and scenario are addressing specific KPIs. The main goal of this analysis was to assess the current EV and PV hosting capacity of existing low voltage and medium voltage grids and identify the factors which limit this hosting capacity. It is shown that European DSOs share similar structures. Depending on voltage level and topology type, specific KPIs were violated by increasing numbers of RES or EVs. Indications for synergies between PV and EVs could be identified due to an increased hosting capacity in the extra PV scenario.
For an optimized large-scale roll-out of EVs in Europe whilst at the same time maximizing the potential of DER integration, an optimized and enhanced grid architecture for EVs in Europe has to be considered. The work in this paper is addressing this topic and summarizing the corresponding project findings. The aim of this approach is to provide a framework for the further investigation of selected use cases which allows implementing and comparing scenarios of different DSOs. Following a Smart Grid approach, the developed grid architecture implements energy grid entities and ICT components. The general framework was described including all its relevant clusters and indicating related entities. The network types used for this architecture are following the SGAM and Smart Grid Standards Map approach. A so called "Smart Grid Connection Point", which is a generic system interface, is used in this work to allow a more simplified graphical architecture model and increase its readability. Similar to the concept and purpose of the Smart Grid Connection Point, also the principle of an integration bus for entity clusters was introduced. From the Integration bus, the information from/to external systems passes through the Smart Grid Connection Point using one of a range of possible technological options. The position of EVs charging infrastructure within the framework is defined at the border between the domains DERs (generation) and consumption, which takes into account future V2G scenarios, where EVs may act as consumption and generation devices. EVSEs and DERs may be connected as standalone systems directly to the grid, or indirectly as part of one of the clusters at the customer premises domain which refers to the three location-wise types of charging, public, semipublic and private charging. Regarding controlled charging of EVs this optimized architecture allows a variety of different local, distributed or aggregated options which may involve different types of actors.
Smart energy products and services (SEPS) have a key role in the development of smart grids, and testing methods such as co-simulation and scenario-based simulations can be useful tools for evaluating the potential of new SEPS concepts during their early development stages. Three innovative conceptual designs for home energy management products (HEMPs)—a specific category of SEPS—were successfully tested using a simulation environment, validating their operation using simulated production and load profiles. For comparison with reality, end user tests were carried out on two of the HEMP concepts and showed mixed results for achieving more efficient energy use, with one of the concepts reducing energy consumption by 27% and the other increasing it by 25%. The scenario-based simulations provided additional insights on the performance of these products, matching some of the general trends observed during end user tests but failing to sufficiently approximate the observed results. Overall, the presented testing methods successfully evaluated the performance of HEMPs under various use conditions and identified bottlenecks, which could be improved in future designs. It is recommended that in addition to HEMPs, these tests are repeated with different SEPS and energy systems to enhance the robustness of the methods.
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