Background and Study Aim. The physical activity level of students is closely associated with ecological, hygienic, and socioeconomic facts. This is especially true during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has dramatically reduced the student opportunity to engage in regular physical activity. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of the weekly physical exercises on the indicators of biological age of students of higher education institutions of Ukraine. Material and Methods. The study involved 409 students (182 boys and 227 girls), who were divided into experimental (87 boys and 117 girls) and control (95 boys and 110 girls) groups. The biological age (BA) of students was determined by means of Voitenko’s method using biomarkers of their physical status. Indices of the cardiovascular system (pulse, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure); respiratory system (vital capacity, the Hench and Stange test); central nervous system (static balancing); PHSA (personal health self-assessment) were studied. In addition, a questionnaire-based survey of students on their health self-assessment including 27 questions was carried out. Statistica 13.5 statistical software package was used to process the experimental material. Methods of variation statistics, correlation, and regression analysis were used. The coefficients of the Student t-test and Fisher’s F-test were calculated. Results. In the process of pedagogical experiment, the positive impact of the author’s physical education program on BA of students of the experimental group (EG) was revealed: in boys, the positive dynamics of BA changes was detected already after four additional hours of performing exercises per week, whereas in girls – after six or more hours. The most pronounced changes in physical state, which determined BA decrease during academic year were noted in students with a weekly motor regime exceeding 6 hours. In boys of EG, the biological age decreased at the end of the experiment by 11,1 years (p < 0,001), whereas in girls – by 5,3 years (p < 0,001). No positive changes of BA were observed at the end of the experiment in students of the control group (CG), whose weekly regime of motor activity constituted 2 hours. In boys of EG, the decrease of BA is manifested after four additional hours of performing physical exercises per week, whereas in girls – after six or more hours. The most pronounced changes in BA indices during the academic year were noted in students of the experimental group with weekly motor regime exceeding 6 hours. Conclusions. The developed mathematical models are recommended to be used for estimating, modelling, and predicting the biological age of students according to informative indices of physical state.
Background and Study Aim. The objective of the work is to study the key factors of highly skilled wrestler fitness structure determining the level of their functional state and physical work capacity at the stage of maximum realization of individual capacities. Material and methods. 45 highly skilled wrestlers aged 19-27 years, members of the national teams of Ukraine in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling were examined. 27 athletes of student age (19-24 years-old), among them were 23 students and postgraduate. Instrumental research methods were used to record indices of functional fitness (FF) and physical work capacity of wrestlers while performing a specialized test with throws of a partner and a block of testing physical loads on a bicycle ergometer. Results. It was revealed that among factors determining the structure of wrestlers' fitness, the integral factor of FF general level (31.13% of the total variance) has the greatest impact on the variability of physical work capacity indices of athletes. Increase in skill level of wrestlers is associated with decreased time of performing throws in a specialized test, increased relative values of lactate power, O2-debt, general level of FF, O2 consumption per 1 kg of body mass. Improvement of wrestler FF structure along with an increase in their skill level is characterized by higher contribution of FF integral parameters (anaerobic power, mobility of physiological reactions, FF general level) to the manifestation of physical work capacity. It was revealed that the general level of FF of wrestlers is characterized by the following ratio of key factors (relative to model values of elite athletes): anaerobic power - 52.6 ± 4.9%, aerobic power - 52.8 ± 4,1%, mobility - 80.4 ± 5.3%, economy - 43.3 ± 3.0%. In the course of studies, mathematical models of the key factors of wrestler FF structure associations with the level of special work capacity, skill level and weight category have been developed. Modeling allowed to specify the criteria and develop scales for assessing special physical work capacity level, differentiated according to skill level and weight category groups of highly skilled wrestlers. Conclusions. The findings reflect the crucial role of anaerobic energy supply mechanisms in the manifestation of high special work capacity in wrestling. Improvement of wrestler FF structure along with the increase of their skills is characterized by a decrease in the number of key functional parameters determining the level of physical work capacity during testing with loads that model specific activity of highly skilled wrestlers. This, along with body functions economization, is one of the important criteria for improving FF structure of the combat athletes.
El artículo investigó la eficiencia de las clases de dos horas en educación física por semana para estudiantes de primer año y su impacto en su nivel de condición física durante un año académico. El experimento pedagógico duró un año académico. Al principio y al final del experimento, los estudiantes llevaron a cabo las pruebas que permitieron evaluar el desarrollo de sus cualidades físicas (velocidad, resistencia, fuerza y agilidad). La investigación mostró que la educación física en el ámbito de dos horas por semana es ineficiente y requiere una mejora definitiva. Al final del experimento, los resultados de los estudiantes en todos los ejercicios disminuyeron; el nivel de condición física disminuyó entre los estudiantes masculinos y femeninos.
Background and Study Aim. The objective of the work consisted in studying the ratio and interconnections of functional fitness structure key components of elite combat athletes in the process of adaptation to physical loads at the stage of individual capacity maximum realization. Material and Methods. 55 highly skilled wrestlers aged 19-27 years old, members of the national teams of Ukraine in different styles of wrestling - freestyle, Greco-Roman, judo were examined. The assessment of wrestlers’ functional fitness structure was made according to a complex of indices of physiological systems activity at rest and during performance of a block of testing physical loads on a bicycle ergometer. Results. The components of functional fitness structure of male combat athletes of three wrestling styles (Greco-Roman, freestyle and judo) were studied according to the manifestations of the respiratory and circulatory functions during testing loads performance, and achieved indices of work capacity. It has been revealed that the key integrative components of the general structure of wrestlers' fitness include: the level of special work capacity, general level of functional fitness, mobility of physiological processes, economy, anaerobic power. Greco-Roman wrestlers are superior to freestyle wrestlers and judokas in anaerobic power, mobility and economy. The greatest differences are manifested in the values of anaerobic power, mobility and general level of functional fitness, whereas the least - in indices of economy. The key criteria for the functional fitness of wrestlers in the manifestation of a high level of physical work capacity include: economy of functioning at rest and during muscular activity of anaerobic-aerobic nature, high reactivity of the cardiovascular system to physical load, power of the anaerobic energy supply system, the rate of recovery processes, the state of cardiac activity regulatory mechanisms, the level of metabolic processes and excitability of the heart muscle. The level of development and the ratio of the components of functional fitness structure of elite combat athletes may be used as the reference models for development of differentiated scales for estimation of the key constituents of physical state of wrestlers specialized in freestyle, Greco-Roman wrestling and judo. Complex application of different methods of testing athletes provides more efficient approach to the problem of monitoring and managing functional fitness and special work capacity of wrestlers at the stage of maximum realization of individual capacities. Conclusions. An increase in the proportion of key integrative functional indices in special work capacity of athletes specialized in various wrestling styles - Greco-Roman, freestyle and judo represents the most significant criterion for improving their functional fitness structure.
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