Chitosan is a derivative compound from chitin that has potential as a biopesticide and biostimulant. This research aimed to analyze the effect of chitosan’s soluble liquid (SL) on the disease suppression and yield of rice. This research was conducted in two locations: the first was at Nglawak Village, Nganjuk District, East Java, and the second was at Harjasari Village, Tegal District, Central Java, in dry season of 2020. Chitosan SL application was carried out by foliar spray on rice plants at 2, 6, and 9 weeks after planting with the treatment of Chitosan SL 25 ml L-1 (P1), Chitosan SL 25 ml L-1+ synthetic pesticides (P2), synthetic pesticides application as control (P0). Each treatment was replicated nine times in each location. The vegetative parameters observed consist of leaf color, number of tillers, and plant height, while the number of productive tillers was observed during the harvesting period. The observed disease incidence was bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, and blast. The result showed that the application of Chitosan SL significantly affected disease suppression (sheath blight) and yield compared to control, and there was no significant effect between P1 and P2. The application of Chitosan SL could suppress sheath blight disease by up to 45% and increase crop yields by up to 25%. Abstrak Kitosan merupakan senyawa turunan dari kitin yang memiliki potensi sebagai biopestisida dan juga biostimulan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh aplikasi kitosan soluble liquid (SL) terhadap kejadian penyakit dan hasil panen padi. Pengujian dilakukan di dua lokasi, yakni di Desa Nglawak, Kabupaten Nganjuk Jawa Timur dan di Desa Harjasari, Kabupaten Tegal, Jawa Tengah pada musim kemarau tahun 2020. Aplikasi kitosan SL dilakukan dengan penyemprotan daun pada 2, 6, dan 9 minggu setelah tanam, dengan perlakuan meliputi: kitosan SL 25 mL L-1(P1), kitosan SL 25 ml L-1+ pestisida kimia (P2), dan pestisida sintetik saja sebagai kontrol (P0). Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak sembilan kali pada masing-masing lokasi. Parameter vegetatif yang diamati meliputi warna daun, jumlah anakan dan tinggi tanaman, sedangkan jumlah anakan produktif diamati pada saat panen. Kejadian penyakit yang diamati adalah hawar daun bakteri, hawar daun pelepah, dan blas. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kitosan SL pada tanaman padi berpengaruh nyata terhadap penekanan kejadian penyakit hawar pelepahdan hasil panen dibandingkan kontrol, serta tidak ada perbedaan pengaruh yang nyata antara P1 dengan P2. Aplikasi kitosan SL mampu menekan kejadian penyakit hawar pelepah hingga 45% dan mampu meningkatkan hasil panen hingga 25%.
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a pathogen of anthracnose disease, can significantly reduce the quality of mango (Mangifera indica) fruits. Chitosan as an antifungal agent can reduce fungal growth on post-harvest fruit of agricultural products. In its development, chitosan has been widely improved through its transformation into nanochitosan and its formulation with metals. One of the metals that has a large affinity and can be formulated with chitosan is copper (Cu). This study aimed to compare and determine the optimal concentration of chitosan, nanocithosan, and nanochitosan-Cu in suppressing the growth of C. gloeosporioides that cause decay on mango fruits. The synthesis of nanochitosan and nanochitosan-Cu was carried out by the ionic gelation method, while the characterization was performed by using particle size analyzer (PSA). The antifungal activity assay was conducted through the poisoning method by mixing a 500, 750, and 1000 ppm of chitosan, nanochitosan and nanochitosan-Cu into the growth media of C. gloeosporioides. The results of PSA analysis showed that chitosan, nanochitosan, and nanochitosan-Cu had an average size of 606.5, 386.8 and 254.1 nm, respectively. The formulation of chitosan into nanochitosan and nanochitosan-Cu was able to inhibit C. gloeosporioides with the inhibition percentages of chitosan, nanochitosan, and nanochitosan-Cu 35%, 70% and 100% in 750 ppm (0.075%, w/v), respectively.[Keywords: Ionic gelation, poisoning food, copper]AbstrakSerangan cendawan penyebab antraknosa seperti Colletotrichum gloeosporioides dapat menurunkan kualitas buah mangga (Mangifera indica) secara signifikan. Kitosan sebagai agensia antifungi mampu menekan pertumbuhan cendawan pada buah pasca panen hasil pertanian. Pada perkembangannya, kitosan telah banyak dikembangkan baik melalui transformasi menjadi nanokitosan maupun formulasinya dengan logam. Salah satu logam yang memiliki afinitas besar dan dapat diformulasikan dengan kitosan adalah tembaga (Cu). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan dan menentukan konsentrasi optimal dari kitosan, nanokitosan, dan nanokitosan-Cu dalam menekan pertumbuhan C. gloeosporioides yang menyebabkan pembusukan pada buah mangga. Sintesis nanokitosan dan nanokitosan-Cu dilakukan dengan metode gelasi ionik yang dikarakterisasi menggunakan particle size analyzer (PSA). Uji aktivitas antifungi dilakukan dengan metode peracunan agar dengan mencampurkan kitosan, nanokitosan, dan nanokitosan-Cu pada konsentrasi 500, 750, dan 1000 ppm pada media tumbuh isolat C. gloeosporioides. Hasil analisis PSA menunjukkan bahwa kitosan, nanokitosan, dan nanokitosan-Cu memiliki ukuran masing-masing sebesar 606,5, 386,8 dan 254,1 nm. Selain itu, transformasi kitosan menjadi nanokitosan dan nanokitosan-Cu dapat meningkatkan aktifitas antifungi terhadap C. gloeosporioides dibuktikan dengan peningkatan persentase penghambatan kitosan, nanokitosan dan nanokitosan-Cu sebesar 35%, 70% dan 100% secara berturut-turut pada konsentrasi 750 ppm (0,075%, b/v). [Kata kunci: Gelasi ionik, peracunan agar, tembaga]
Chitosan has the potential as a biostimulant also as an antagonistic agent due to its antimicrobial activity. These dual benefits were the superiority of chitosan and has the potential to be developed further. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of soluble liquid (SL) chitosan on plant growth and the yield of curly chili. The study was conducted from April-August 2019 in Prambon Subdistrict, Nganjuk District, East Java. The total experimental plot was 2.000 m2 rows with 45 x 70 cm plant spacing. The variety of curly chili used was Kribo with three treatments examined i.e., the application of single chitosan SL (P1), the combination of chitosan SL and synthetic pesticide (P2), and the conventional application of synthetic pesticide that considered as control (K). Each treatment was replicated four times. The application of chitosan SL was conducted at 21, 42, and 63 days after planting (DAP) by foliar spray. The result showed that the application of chitosan SL increased the canopy width by 16,34% and plant height by 11,53% against control at 99 DAP. The number of fruits per plant also increased by 123% on P1 and 20% on P2 treatment. The fruit weight was also increased by 42,6% on P2 and 18% on P1 treatment. The conversion result showed that single chitosan SL application was able to increase the production of curly chili per hectare up to 163%, while the combination of chitosan SL and synthetic pesticide resulted up to 71% increase in curly chili production compared to control. Chitosan has the potential as a biostimulant also as an antagonistic agent due to its antimicrobial activity. These dual benefits were the superiority of chitosan and potentially to be developed further. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of soluble liquid (SL) chitosan on the growth and yield of curly chili. The variety of curly chili used was Kribo with three treatments examined i.e. the application of single chitosan SL (P1), the combination of chitosan SL and synthetic pesticide (P2), and the conventional application of synthetic pesticide that considered as control (K). Each treatment was replicated four times. The application of chitosan SL was conducted at 21, 42, and 63 days after planting (DAP), while the application of synthetic pesticide was conducted depending on the field conditions. The plant parameters observed were canopy width, plant height, leaf color, and number, and weight of fruits. The observation results were analyzed using table of variance. The results showed that the application of chitosan SL increased the canopy width by 16.3% and plant height by 11.5% compared to control at 99 DAP. The number of fruits per plant also increased by 123% on P1 and 20% on P2 treatment. The fruit weight was also increased by 42.6% on P2 and 18% on P1 treatment. The conversion result showed that single chitosan SL application was able to increase the yield of curly chili per hectare up to 163%, while the combination of chitosan SL and synthetic pesticide resulted in 71% increase in curly chili yield compared to the control.[Keywords: antagonistic agent, biostimulant, chili var. Kribo, production, soluble liquid] Abstrakmikroba. Kedua manfaat ini yang menjadi keunggulan kitosan dan berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh aplikasi kitosan soluble liquid (SL) terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil panen tanaman cabai keriting. Varietas cabai keriting yang digunakan adalah Kribo dengan tiga perlakuan yang diuji, yakni aplikasi kitosan SL tunggal (P1), kombinasi kitosan SL dengan pestisida sintetik (P2) dan aplikasi pestisida sintetik secara konvensional sebagai kontrol (K). Masing-masing perlakuan diulang empat kali. Aplikasi kitosan SL dilakukan pada umur tanaman 21, 42 dan 63 hari setelah tanam (HST), sedangkan aplikasi pestisida sintetik dilakukan berdasarkan kondisi di lapangan. Parameter tanaman yang diamati antara lain lebar kanopi, tinggi tanaman, warna daun, serta jumlah, dan berat buah. Hasil pengamatan dianalisis menggunakan tabel sidik ragam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kitosan SL mampu meningkatkan lebar kanopi dan tinggi tanaman sebesar 16,3% dan 11,5% terhadap kontrol pada umur tanaman 99 HST. Jumlah buah per tanaman juga mengalami kenaikan sebesar 123% pada perlakuan P1 dan 20% pada perlakuan P2. Berat per buah mengalami kenaikan sebesar 42,6% pada perlakuan P2 dan 18% pada perlakuan P1. Hasil konversi menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kitosan SL tunggal mampu meningkatkan produksi cabai keriting per hektar hingga 163%, sedangkan aplikasi kombinasi kitosan SL dan pestisida sintetik meningkatkan produksi sebesar 71% dibandingkan kontrol.[Kata kunci: agen antagonis, biostimulan, cabai var. Kribo, produksi, soluble liquid]
The use of a catalyst in the manufacture of lubricantscome through many developments, from a homogeneousbase catalysts, homogeneous acid catalyst to hetero-geneous solid catalyst system (heterogenous catalyst). Oneexample of heterogeneous catalyst base material is silica.The purpose of this research was to study the graftingmethod of sulfonic group on silica from waterglass withPEG (polyethylene glycol) template as solid acid catalystand to analyze the effect of PEG concentration on ioniccapacity. Silica sol was produced by addition of PEG andHCl into waterglass. The PEG template was separated bytwo different methods; solvothermal extraction andcalcinations process. The following step was graftingprocess of the sulfonate into the silica powder, and dryingthe silica sulfonate in certain temperature. The driedsulfonated silica particles were characterized for theirpore size by BET method, the functional group by FTIR(Fourier Transform Infra Red) test, and the ionic capacityby titrimetry analysis. The result showed that the separatedPEG template process with calcinations method gave abetter result than the solvothermal extraction methodbased on the amount of PEG that disappear. While fromBET result showed that the calcinations process producedsmaller surface area pore than the extraction solvothermalprocess. The effect of the concentration of PEG template,showed that the surface area mostly decreased with theaddition of the PEG template concentration and increasedagain at 0.0178 g/mL. The biggest ionic capacity at 12,603mmol eq/g silica was obtained from solvothermal method.AbstrakPenggunaan katalis dalam pembuatan pelumas me-ngalami banyak perkembangan, dari katalis homogenbasa, katalis homogen asam hingga dikembangkanpenggunaan katalis padat sistem heterogen (heterogenouscatalyst). Salah satu contoh bahan dasar dari katalisheterogen ini adalah silika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmempelajari teknik pencangkokan gugus sulfonat pada silika dari waterglass dengan templat PEG (polyethyleneglycol) sebagai katalis asam padat dan menganalisapengaruh konsentrasi templat terhadap kapasitas ion. Solsilika dibuat dengan menambahkan PEG dan HCl kedalam waterglass. Templat PEG dihilangkan dengan duacara yang berbeda yaitu ekstraksi solvothermal dankalsinasi. Proses selanjutnya adalah pencangkokansulfonat pada serbuk silica dan silika tersulfonasi padasuhu tertentu. Partikel silika tersulfonasi yang telah keringdikarakterisasi ukuran porinya dengan metode BET,gugus fungsi dengan uji FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed), dan kapasitas ionik dengan analisis titrimetri. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode kalsinasi ternyatadapat menghilangkan senyawa PEG lebih baik di-bandingkan dengan metode ekstraksi solvothermal, tetapiberdasarkan hasil BET, penghilangan templat melaluiproses kalsinasi menghasilkan luas permukaan yang lebihkecil jika dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebelum templatdihilangkan, sedangkan ekstraksi solvothermal meng-hasilkan luas permukaan silika yang lebih besar. Untukpengaruh konsentrasi templat PEG, didapatkan hasilbahwa luas permukaan partikel silika cenderung turundengan penambahan templat dan naik kembali padakonsentrasi 0,0178 g/mL. Kapasitas ionik terbesar di-dapat pada silika dengan metode solvothermal yaitusebesar 12,603 mmol/g silika.
Oil palm is the most important estate crop in Indonesia. One of the major problems in palm oil industry is the difficulty to degrade palm oil mill effluent (POME) due to the high content of COD and BOD. POME can be processed physico-chemically using membrane filtration technology. Chitosan is one of the most widely used materials for producing membrane filtration. Composite of chitosan-PVA-PEG is a highly mixture absorbent, which may possibly be used as a membrane in filtration process of POME. The experiment was started with the production of composite membrane, and then filtration application using cross-flow reactor system. The variables of this experiment were chitosan and PVA ratio (3:7, 4:6, 1:1, 6:4 and 7:3 ) AbstrakKelapa sawit merupakan tanaman perkebunan terpenting di Indonesia. Salah satu kendala utama yang dialami industri kelapa sawit saat ini adalah sulitnya proses degradasi limbah cair kelapa sawit (LCKS) akibat tingginya kandungan COD dan BOD. Secara fisika-kimia, POME dapat diolah menggunakan teknologi filtrasi membran. Kitosan merupakan salah satu bahan yang banyak digunakan dalam pembuatan membran filtrasi. Komposit kitosan-PVA-PEG merupakan campuran yang memiliki daya serap tinggi sehingga memungkinkan digunakan sebagai membran dalam filtrasi POME. Penelitian diawali dengan pembuatan membran komposit, dilanjutkan dengan aplikasi filtrasi menggunakan sistem reaktor cross flow. Perlakuan yang digunakan yaitu ratio kitosan:PVA (3:7, 4:6, 1:1, 6:4 dan 7:3) dan kecepatan pengadukan (100 rpm dan 300 rpm). Pengujian pada reaktor dilakukan selama 50 menit dan permeate diambil setiap 10 menit. Parameter yang dianalisis adalah fluks, COD dan BOD. Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan didapatkan nilai fluks tertinggi pada variasi kecepatan pengadukan 100 rpm dan 300 rpm masingmasing sebesar 40,20 L/m 2 .jam dan 27,15 L/m 2 .jam. Nilai rejeksi COD dan BOD tertinggi diperoleh pada rasio membran 1:1 dan kecepatan pengadukan 300 rpm yaitu masing-masing 97,24% dan 97,60%.[Kata kunci: membran kitosan, fluks, rejeksi BOD dan COD, POME] PendahuluanPenanganan limbah pabrik kelapa sawit (PKS) khususnya limbah cair masih menjadi masalah yang disebabkan sulitnya proses degradasi limbah cair kelapa sawit (POME) akibat tingginya kuantitas dan kandungan kontaminan. POME mengandung COD sebesar 25.000-36.000 mg/L dan BOD sebesar 23.000-32.000 mg/L (Rahardjo, 2005). Nilai tersebut masih belum memenuhi kriteria baku mutu limbah cair industri kelapa sawit khususnya nilai COD yang masih jauh di atas 350 mg/L dan nilai BOD yang masih di atas 100 mg/L (Peraturan Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup, 2014). Sampai saat ini hampir semua PKS di Indonesia masih menggunakan metode konvensional dalam pengolahan POME dengan sistem kolam limbah (anaerobic-aerobic pond), namun sistem kolam ini kurang ramah lingkungan karena melepaskan banyak gas metana ke atmosfer. Oleh karena itu diperlukan perbaikan dan penyempurnaan sistem industri khususnya penanganan limbah cair POME dalam penurunan COD dan BOD. *) Penulis korespondensi:
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