Ganoderma sp. jamur penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang merupakan pathogen utama pada pengusahaan kelapa sawit. Teknik pengendalian Ganoderma sp. menggunakan formula berbahan aktif organik alami lokal sedang dikembangkan Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Bioindustri Indonesia. Fungisida organik diberikan dalam jangka waktu 3 bulan yang diaplikasi dengan cara terlebih dahulu melakukan pengikisan batang sawit terserang hingga jaringan segar. Lima perlakuan yang diuji adalah 1) kontrol, 2) aplikasi fungisida organik cair tiap minggu, 3) aplikasi fungisida organik cair tiap 2 minggu, 4) aplikasi fungisida organik cair tiap 4 minggu, dan 5) aplikasi fungisida organik pasta tiap 4 minggu. Masing-masing perlakuan diulang pada 25 pokok kelapa sawit. Pengamatan keragaan tanaman dan Ganoderma sp. diamati selama lima bulan dan selanjutnya inkubasi dilanjutkan selama 2 bulan dan dianalisis kadar hara N, P, K dan Cu daun dan kadar minyak buah sawit sedangkan produksi TBS diamati hingga 7 bulan setelah aplikasi. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pemberian perlakuan meningkatkan pertumbuhan perakaran tanaman dan perlakuan pemberian tiap minggu menghasilkan perakaran yang paling banyak dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Terdapat kecenderungan terjadi pembukaan daun tombak dan penurunan rasio bunga jantan betina, peningkatan kadar hara N, P, dan K khususnya pada perlakuan aplikasi tiap 2 minggu. Produksi pada 5 bulan setelah aplikasi nampak meningkat khususnya pada perlakuan pemberian tiap 1 minggu pada peubah RBT dan bobot tandan. Kadar minyak buah sawit baik berdasarkan bobot basah maupun kering lebih tinggi pada perlakaun aplikasi tiap 2 minggu dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya.
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a pathogen of anthracnose disease, can significantly reduce the quality of mango (Mangifera indica) fruits. Chitosan as an antifungal agent can reduce fungal growth on post-harvest fruit of agricultural products. In its development, chitosan has been widely improved through its transformation into nanochitosan and its formulation with metals. One of the metals that has a large affinity and can be formulated with chitosan is copper (Cu). This study aimed to compare and determine the optimal concentration of chitosan, nanocithosan, and nanochitosan-Cu in suppressing the growth of C. gloeosporioides that cause decay on mango fruits. The synthesis of nanochitosan and nanochitosan-Cu was carried out by the ionic gelation method, while the characterization was performed by using particle size analyzer (PSA). The antifungal activity assay was conducted through the poisoning method by mixing a 500, 750, and 1000 ppm of chitosan, nanochitosan and nanochitosan-Cu into the growth media of C. gloeosporioides. The results of PSA analysis showed that chitosan, nanochitosan, and nanochitosan-Cu had an average size of 606.5, 386.8 and 254.1 nm, respectively. The formulation of chitosan into nanochitosan and nanochitosan-Cu was able to inhibit C. gloeosporioides with the inhibition percentages of chitosan, nanochitosan, and nanochitosan-Cu 35%, 70% and 100% in 750 ppm (0.075%, w/v), respectively.[Keywords: Ionic gelation, poisoning food, copper]AbstrakSerangan cendawan penyebab antraknosa seperti Colletotrichum gloeosporioides dapat menurunkan kualitas buah mangga (Mangifera indica) secara signifikan. Kitosan sebagai agensia antifungi mampu menekan pertumbuhan cendawan pada buah pasca panen hasil pertanian. Pada perkembangannya, kitosan telah banyak dikembangkan baik melalui transformasi menjadi nanokitosan maupun formulasinya dengan logam. Salah satu logam yang memiliki afinitas besar dan dapat diformulasikan dengan kitosan adalah tembaga (Cu). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan dan menentukan konsentrasi optimal dari kitosan, nanokitosan, dan nanokitosan-Cu dalam menekan pertumbuhan C. gloeosporioides yang menyebabkan pembusukan pada buah mangga. Sintesis nanokitosan dan nanokitosan-Cu dilakukan dengan metode gelasi ionik yang dikarakterisasi menggunakan particle size analyzer (PSA). Uji aktivitas antifungi dilakukan dengan metode peracunan agar dengan mencampurkan kitosan, nanokitosan, dan nanokitosan-Cu pada konsentrasi 500, 750, dan 1000 ppm pada media tumbuh isolat C. gloeosporioides. Hasil analisis PSA menunjukkan bahwa kitosan, nanokitosan, dan nanokitosan-Cu memiliki ukuran masing-masing sebesar 606,5, 386,8 dan 254,1 nm. Selain itu, transformasi kitosan menjadi nanokitosan dan nanokitosan-Cu dapat meningkatkan aktifitas antifungi terhadap C. gloeosporioides dibuktikan dengan peningkatan persentase penghambatan kitosan, nanokitosan dan nanokitosan-Cu sebesar 35%, 70% dan 100% secara berturut-turut pada konsentrasi 750 ppm (0,075%, b/v). [Kata kunci: Gelasi ionik, peracunan agar, tembaga]
Chitosan has the potential as a biostimulant also as an antagonistic agent due to its antimicrobial activity. These dual benefits were the superiority of chitosan and has the potential to be developed further. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of soluble liquid (SL) chitosan on plant growth and the yield of curly chili. The study was conducted from April-August 2019 in Prambon Subdistrict, Nganjuk District, East Java. The total experimental plot was 2.000 m2 rows with 45 x 70 cm plant spacing. The variety of curly chili used was Kribo with three treatments examined i.e., the application of single chitosan SL (P1), the combination of chitosan SL and synthetic pesticide (P2), and the conventional application of synthetic pesticide that considered as control (K). Each treatment was replicated four times. The application of chitosan SL was conducted at 21, 42, and 63 days after planting (DAP) by foliar spray. The result showed that the application of chitosan SL increased the canopy width by 16,34% and plant height by 11,53% against control at 99 DAP. The number of fruits per plant also increased by 123% on P1 and 20% on P2 treatment. The fruit weight was also increased by 42,6% on P2 and 18% on P1 treatment. The conversion result showed that single chitosan SL application was able to increase the production of curly chili per hectare up to 163%, while the combination of chitosan SL and synthetic pesticide resulted up to 71% increase in curly chili production compared to control. Chitosan has the potential as a biostimulant also as an antagonistic agent due to its antimicrobial activity. These dual benefits were the superiority of chitosan and potentially to be developed further. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of soluble liquid (SL) chitosan on the growth and yield of curly chili. The variety of curly chili used was Kribo with three treatments examined i.e. the application of single chitosan SL (P1), the combination of chitosan SL and synthetic pesticide (P2), and the conventional application of synthetic pesticide that considered as control (K). Each treatment was replicated four times. The application of chitosan SL was conducted at 21, 42, and 63 days after planting (DAP), while the application of synthetic pesticide was conducted depending on the field conditions. The plant parameters observed were canopy width, plant height, leaf color, and number, and weight of fruits. The observation results were analyzed using table of variance. The results showed that the application of chitosan SL increased the canopy width by 16.3% and plant height by 11.5% compared to control at 99 DAP. The number of fruits per plant also increased by 123% on P1 and 20% on P2 treatment. The fruit weight was also increased by 42.6% on P2 and 18% on P1 treatment. The conversion result showed that single chitosan SL application was able to increase the yield of curly chili per hectare up to 163%, while the combination of chitosan SL and synthetic pesticide resulted in 71% increase in curly chili yield compared to the control.[Keywords: antagonistic agent, biostimulant, chili var. Kribo, production, soluble liquid] Abstrakmikroba. Kedua manfaat ini yang menjadi keunggulan kitosan dan berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh aplikasi kitosan soluble liquid (SL) terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil panen tanaman cabai keriting. Varietas cabai keriting yang digunakan adalah Kribo dengan tiga perlakuan yang diuji, yakni aplikasi kitosan SL tunggal (P1), kombinasi kitosan SL dengan pestisida sintetik (P2) dan aplikasi pestisida sintetik secara konvensional sebagai kontrol (K). Masing-masing perlakuan diulang empat kali. Aplikasi kitosan SL dilakukan pada umur tanaman 21, 42 dan 63 hari setelah tanam (HST), sedangkan aplikasi pestisida sintetik dilakukan berdasarkan kondisi di lapangan. Parameter tanaman yang diamati antara lain lebar kanopi, tinggi tanaman, warna daun, serta jumlah, dan berat buah. Hasil pengamatan dianalisis menggunakan tabel sidik ragam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kitosan SL mampu meningkatkan lebar kanopi dan tinggi tanaman sebesar 16,3% dan 11,5% terhadap kontrol pada umur tanaman 99 HST. Jumlah buah per tanaman juga mengalami kenaikan sebesar 123% pada perlakuan P1 dan 20% pada perlakuan P2. Berat per buah mengalami kenaikan sebesar 42,6% pada perlakuan P2 dan 18% pada perlakuan P1. Hasil konversi menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kitosan SL tunggal mampu meningkatkan produksi cabai keriting per hektar hingga 163%, sedangkan aplikasi kombinasi kitosan SL dan pestisida sintetik meningkatkan produksi sebesar 71% dibandingkan kontrol.[Kata kunci: agen antagonis, biostimulan, cabai var. Kribo, produksi, soluble liquid]
Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma sp. is a major disease in oil palm. One of the keys to successfully control BSR disease is to detect the pathogenic infections as early as possible. Early detection technique has been developed in this study was using volatile compounds sensors known as an electronic nose, specifically Electronic Nose 118. Plant samples were obtained from roots, stems, leaves, and soils of four plant categories, which were midly, moderately, and severely infected by Ganoderma, and healthy plants. The test results showed that Electronic Nose was able to record the profile of volatile organic compounds (VOC) produced by Ganoderma sp. The Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) results showed that the root and stem samples were differentiated in fairly high level of discrimination with values of 89.66% and 94.59% respectively, while for internal validation value were 98.18% and 89.18%. However, for leaf and soil samples, Electronic Nose 118 resulted in low discriminations. The test results show that Electronic Nose 118 can distinguish samples of roots and stems of healthy plant and Ganoderma-infected plant with a high accuracy.[Keywords: Ganoderma, linier discriminant analysis (LDA), pathogen infection, sensor, volatile organic compound] AbstrakPenyakit busuk pangkal batang (BPB) yang disebabkan oleh Ganoderma sp. merupakan penyakit utama pada kelapa sawit. Salah satu kunci keberhasilan pengendalian penyakit BPB adalah diketahuinya infeksi patogen sedini mungkin. Teknik deteksi dini yang saat ini dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan sensor senyawa volatil yang dikenal dengan electronic nose, khususnya Electronic Nose 118. Sampel tanaman diperoleh dari akar, batang, daun, dan tanah dari empat kondisi tanaman, yaitu tanaman yang terinfeksi Ganoderma ringan, sedang, berat dan tanaman sehat. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa profil senyawa organik volatil yang dihasilkan oleh infeksi Ganoderma sp. dapat ditangkap oleh Electronic Nose 118 dengan baik. Hasil analisis Linear Discriminat Analysis (LDA) menunjukkan bahwa sampel akar dan batang terbedakan dengan tingkat diskriminasi yang cukup tinggi dengan nilai secara berurutan yaitu 89,66% dan 94,59%, sedangkan untuk validasi internal masing-masing 98,18% dan 89,18%. Namun demikian, untuk sampel daun dan tanah, pengujian dengan Electronic Nose 118 menghasilkan tingkat diskriminasi yang rendah. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan Electronic Nose 118 dapat membedakan sampel akar dan batang dari tanaman sehat dan tanaman terserang Ganoderma dengan akurasi tinggi.[Kata kunci : Ganoderma, LDA, infeksi patogen, sensor, senyawa organik volatil]
An increasing number of explants is necessary toobtain plantlets in large quantities, for mass propagationof rubber plants. However, high level of contamination atthe primary culture stage is still a major constraint in invitro microcutting of rubber. The aim of this study was tooptimize surface sterilization procedures to reduce micro-bial contamination at the primary culture. Sterilizationexperiment was conducted in two step., The first step wasto determine the effect of washing the explants withrunning water prior to sterilization and then using Deso-germe, ethanol or H 2 O 2 , while the second step was toidentify the suitable sterilization process on reducing thelevel of contamination. The results showed that the surfacesterilization with only one type of sterilization agent couldnot reduce contamination level caused either by bacteriaor fungi, while sterilization with three types of sterilizingagents increased the number of dead explants. The besttreatment for surface sterilization was the directsterilization of explants using 70% ethanol for one minuteand 17.6% H 2 O 2 for 20 minutes without washing with tapwater (A-CD treatment). The percentage of viable andaseptic explantsof this treatment was 76.7%, which wassignificantly higher than those of other treatments. Thistreatment reduced contamination level to 21.7%.AbstrakPeningkatan jumlah eksplan sangat diperlukan untukmemperoleh planlet dalam jumlah besar pada perbanyakanmassal tanaman karet secara in vitro. Namun, tingginyatingkat kontaminasi pada tahap kultur primer masih me-rupakan kendala utama dalam kultur stek mikro tanamankaret. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengoptimasi prosedursterilisasi permukaan eksplan untuk mengurangi jumlaheksplan yang terkontaminasi mikroba pada tahap kulturprimer. Percobaan sterilisasi dilaksanakan dalam duatahap, tahap pertama untuk mengetahui pengaruh pen-cucian eksplan dengan air mengalir pada awal sterilisasiserta penggunaan Desogerme, etanol dan H 2 O 2 , sedang-kan tahap kedua untuk mendapatkan proses sterilisasi yangpaling sesuai dalam menurunkan tingkat kontaminasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan sterilisasipermukaan yang menggunakan satu jenis bahan sterilantidak dapat mengurangi kontaminasi, baik oleh bakterimaupun cendawan. Perlakuan sterilisasi eksplan dengantiga jenis bahan sterilan meningkatkan kematian eksplan.Perlakuan sterilisasi permukaan terbaik adalah sterilisasilangsung eksplan menggunakan etanol 70% selama satu menit dan H 2 O 2 17,6% selama 20 menit, tanpa pencuciandengan air mengalir (perlakuan A-CD). Persentase eksplansteril yang hidup sebesar 76,7%, berbeda nyata dibanding-kan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Perlakuan tersebut dapatmengurangi kontaminasi menjadi sebesar 21,7%.
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