Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), one of the most important export commodities from Indonesia, is widely planted with current total area of 1.6 million Ha, producing 500.000 metric tons of dry bean in 2011 . At the time of harvest, instead of seed approximately the same volume cacao husk is produced. The aim of the study was to assess the potential of cocoa husk extract as an antibacterial against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cocoa husk extract to the three test bacteria. Extraction of cocoa husk conducted by maceration method using ethanol 96%. Analysis of antibacterial activity was done by paper disc diffusion method. Completely Randomized Design of single factor presentage that is extract concentration of 0; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; and 64% (g/mL) with three replicans were applied.The results showed that the extract of cocoa pod husk has antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli with the MIC are 8% (g/ mL), 16% (g/ mL), and 32% (g/ mL) respectively.AbstrakKakao (Theobroma cacao L.), salah satu komoditi ekspor terpenting Indonesia, ditanam secara luas dengan total luasan 1,6 juta Ha, menghasilkan 500.000 ton biji kering pada tahun 2011. Di samping biji sebagai hasil utama, pada saat panen juga dihasilkan kulit buah dengan volume yang hampir sama dengan biji. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji potensi ekstrak kulit buah kakao sebagai antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, dan Staphylococcus aureusserta menentukan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak kulit buah kakao terhadap ketiga bakteri uji. Ekstraksi kulit buah kakao dilakukan dengan metode Maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Analisis aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram kertas. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan faktor tunggal konsen-trasi ekstrak, yaitu 0; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32; dan 64% (g/mL), masing-masing dengan tiga kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah kakao berpotensi sebagai antibakteri terhadap S. aureus, B. subtilis dan E. coli, dengan KHM berturut-turut adalah 8% (g/mL), 16% (g/mL), dan 32% (g/mL).
Abstrak Lateks yang menyerupai cairan susu putih diperoleh dari penyadapan kulit batang tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis)
Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma sp. is a major disease in oil palm. One of the keys to successfully control BSR disease is to detect the pathogenic infections as early as possible. Early detection technique has been developed in this study was using volatile compounds sensors known as an electronic nose, specifically Electronic Nose 118. Plant samples were obtained from roots, stems, leaves, and soils of four plant categories, which were midly, moderately, and severely infected by Ganoderma, and healthy plants. The test results showed that Electronic Nose was able to record the profile of volatile organic compounds (VOC) produced by Ganoderma sp. The Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) results showed that the root and stem samples were differentiated in fairly high level of discrimination with values of 89.66% and 94.59% respectively, while for internal validation value were 98.18% and 89.18%. However, for leaf and soil samples, Electronic Nose 118 resulted in low discriminations. The test results show that Electronic Nose 118 can distinguish samples of roots and stems of healthy plant and Ganoderma-infected plant with a high accuracy.[Keywords: Ganoderma, linier discriminant analysis (LDA), pathogen infection, sensor, volatile organic compound] AbstrakPenyakit busuk pangkal batang (BPB) yang disebabkan oleh Ganoderma sp. merupakan penyakit utama pada kelapa sawit. Salah satu kunci keberhasilan pengendalian penyakit BPB adalah diketahuinya infeksi patogen sedini mungkin. Teknik deteksi dini yang saat ini dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan sensor senyawa volatil yang dikenal dengan electronic nose, khususnya Electronic Nose 118. Sampel tanaman diperoleh dari akar, batang, daun, dan tanah dari empat kondisi tanaman, yaitu tanaman yang terinfeksi Ganoderma ringan, sedang, berat dan tanaman sehat. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa profil senyawa organik volatil yang dihasilkan oleh infeksi Ganoderma sp. dapat ditangkap oleh Electronic Nose 118 dengan baik. Hasil analisis Linear Discriminat Analysis (LDA) menunjukkan bahwa sampel akar dan batang terbedakan dengan tingkat diskriminasi yang cukup tinggi dengan nilai secara berurutan yaitu 89,66% dan 94,59%, sedangkan untuk validasi internal masing-masing 98,18% dan 89,18%. Namun demikian, untuk sampel daun dan tanah, pengujian dengan Electronic Nose 118 menghasilkan tingkat diskriminasi yang rendah. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan Electronic Nose 118 dapat membedakan sampel akar dan batang dari tanaman sehat dan tanaman terserang Ganoderma dengan akurasi tinggi.[Kata kunci : Ganoderma, LDA, infeksi patogen, sensor, senyawa organik volatil]
Chitosan is a derivative compound from chitin that has potential as a biopesticide and biostimulant. This research aimed to analyze the effect of chitosan’s soluble liquid (SL) on the disease suppression and yield of rice. This research was conducted in two locations: the first was at Nglawak Village, Nganjuk District, East Java, and the second was at Harjasari Village, Tegal District, Central Java, in dry season of 2020. Chitosan SL application was carried out by foliar spray on rice plants at 2, 6, and 9 weeks after planting with the treatment of Chitosan SL 25 ml L-1 (P1), Chitosan SL 25 ml L-1+ synthetic pesticides (P2), synthetic pesticides application as control (P0). Each treatment was replicated nine times in each location. The vegetative parameters observed consist of leaf color, number of tillers, and plant height, while the number of productive tillers was observed during the harvesting period. The observed disease incidence was bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, and blast. The result showed that the application of Chitosan SL significantly affected disease suppression (sheath blight) and yield compared to control, and there was no significant effect between P1 and P2. The application of Chitosan SL could suppress sheath blight disease by up to 45% and increase crop yields by up to 25%. Abstrak Kitosan merupakan senyawa turunan dari kitin yang memiliki potensi sebagai biopestisida dan juga biostimulan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh aplikasi kitosan soluble liquid (SL) terhadap kejadian penyakit dan hasil panen padi. Pengujian dilakukan di dua lokasi, yakni di Desa Nglawak, Kabupaten Nganjuk Jawa Timur dan di Desa Harjasari, Kabupaten Tegal, Jawa Tengah pada musim kemarau tahun 2020. Aplikasi kitosan SL dilakukan dengan penyemprotan daun pada 2, 6, dan 9 minggu setelah tanam, dengan perlakuan meliputi: kitosan SL 25 mL L-1(P1), kitosan SL 25 ml L-1+ pestisida kimia (P2), dan pestisida sintetik saja sebagai kontrol (P0). Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak sembilan kali pada masing-masing lokasi. Parameter vegetatif yang diamati meliputi warna daun, jumlah anakan dan tinggi tanaman, sedangkan jumlah anakan produktif diamati pada saat panen. Kejadian penyakit yang diamati adalah hawar daun bakteri, hawar daun pelepah, dan blas. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kitosan SL pada tanaman padi berpengaruh nyata terhadap penekanan kejadian penyakit hawar pelepahdan hasil panen dibandingkan kontrol, serta tidak ada perbedaan pengaruh yang nyata antara P1 dengan P2. Aplikasi kitosan SL mampu menekan kejadian penyakit hawar pelepah hingga 45% dan mampu meningkatkan hasil panen hingga 25%.
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