Introduction. Smoking is a bad habit that affects both systemic and oral conditions. Nicotine in cigarettes reduces estrogen production that can alter salivary calcium levels. Nicotine also causes vasoconstriction of the gingival blood vessels and decreases gingival bleeding. Low dietary calcium intake is also suspected to influence the low serum calcium levels in smokers. In this study, we evaluated the effect of smoking on salivary calcium levels, calcium intake, and BOP in women. Method. This was an analytical study using a cross-sectional approach. The subjects were 26 female smokers and 37 nonsmokers. Unstimulated saliva was collected by the spitting method. Salivary calcium levels were measured using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The calcium intake was obtained by the Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. BOP was measured by a gingival bleeding index by Ainamo and Bay in 1975. Results. All the basic characteristics including age, BMI, level of education, and occupation were statistically different between groups. The mean calcium level of female smokers was significantly lower than that of nonsmokers, whereas the mean BOP of female smokers was significantly higher. The total calcium intake per day of the two groups was not statistically different. The mean salivary calcium level and BOP decreased when the duration of smoking was longer. There was a positive correlation between salivary calcium level and BOP in the smokers’ group. Conclusion. A low level of education may be contributing to the smoking habit of subjects in this study. Salivary calcium levels were correlated with BOP in female smokers, which might be affected by the duration of smoking.
Cigarette smoking can cause taste receptors to increase the taste threshold value. Consequently, the consumption of sugar and salt will not be controlled, therefore causing systemic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. Nicotine and tobacco in cigarettes can stimulate MMP-9 which plays vital physiological roles in normal tissue growth and repair processes. This study aimed to find the correlation between taste threshold sensitivity and MMP-9, salivary secretion, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels in smoking and nonsmoking women. This was a cross-sectional study consisting of young adult women aged 18–24 years. Subjects were divided into two groups: the nonsmoking and smoking groups. In the combined data of both groups, the sweet taste threshold was correlated with age (r = 0.308, p=0.008), blood glucose levels (r = 0.238, p=0.043), and MMP-9 (r = –0.297, p=0.011). The salt taste threshold was only correlated with systolic blood pressure in the smoking (r = 0.440, p=0.032) and combined data groups (r = 0.260, p=0.026). By using partial correlation, it was shown that the relationship between the salt taste threshold and systolic blood pressure was influenced by smoking habits. The sweet taste threshold in women was found to correlate with age, blood glucose levels, and MMP-9 levels. On the other hand, there was a significant relationship between the salt taste threshold in women with systolic blood pressure, which was the only correlation analyzed in sthis study that was found to be influenced by smoking. However, both sweet and salt taste thresholds were not statistically correlated with salivary secretion.
Introduction: Salivary pH, viscosity and volume play an important role in maintaining tooth and oral tissue integrity. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the difference of young adult smokers and non-smokers saliva reviewed by its pH, viscosity and volume. Methods: The research sample of 28 smokers and 24 non-smokers. Saliva was collected by spitting method then the pH, viscosity and volume was measured. The data was analyze using independent sample t-test and chi-square. Results: The result indicated that there was a significant difference in the mean value of salivary pH on smokers and non-smokers with p-value 0.000 (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the mean value of salivary viscosity on smokers and non-smokers with p-value 0.000 (p < 0.05.) There was a significant difference in the mean value of salivary volume on smokers and non-smokers with p-value 0.000 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The conclusion of the research showed that salivary pH of smokers was lower than non-smokers, salivary viscosity of smokers was higher than non-smokers and salivary volume of smokers was fewer than non-smokers.Keywords: Young adult, smokers, non-smokers, saliva, salivary pH, salivary viscosity, salivary volume
Menopause women can experience decrease in saliva secretion (decrease). To understand the clear picture about saliva secretion, the volume, flow rate, pH and viscosity were then measured. The aim of this research was to obtain a picture about the difference of saliva secretion before and after rinsing with baking soda on menopause women. The type of the research used was a laboratory quasi experiment with comparative descriptive form. The technique used in this research is the survey method, and samples were taken using the multistage cluster random sampling method, and t-student statistical analysis. This research was conducted with the saliva collected with spitting method on 45 menopause women. The results show that the average volume, flow rate, pH and viscosity before rinsing with baking soda was 1.79 ml, 0.18 ml/minute, 7.40 and 0.81 mm 2 /second. The average volume, flow rate, pH and viscosity after rinsing with baking soda were 2.66 ml; 0.27 ml/minute; 8.67 and 0.78 mm 2 /second. Statistical analysis tstudent on α = 0.05 shows volume changes, flow rate, pH and saliva viscosity before and after rinsing with baking soda was 0.873; 0.086; 1.273 and 0.037 respectively. The conclusion shows a significant difference between saliva secretion before and after rinsing with baking soda, and saliva secretion after rinsing with baking soda on menopause women.
Background: Uncomprehensive oral health evaluation instruments and measurement and the low motivation for seeking dental and oral treatment for pregnant women; all require comprehensive measurement instruments that will increase the motivation for seeking oral health treatment for pregnant women. POSC-p model was developed for the Oral Health Scoring (OHS) to assess pregnant women's perceived needs, clinical examination, and salivary state. Objectives: The research objective was to analyse the correlation between the POSC-p model with the motivation for seeking oral health care in pregnant women. Methods: Cross-sectional research was conducted by a non-probability sampling technique using the consecutive sampling method. The sample size was determined based on the correlation analysis sample size calculation formula. The study variables were POSC-p model built with three dimensions; POSC-p score section 1 was felt needs, POSC-p score section 2 was normative needs, and POSC-p score section 3 was saliva condition. In addition, motivation to seek treatment with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation dimensions. All data were analysed using the Spearman rank correlation test. Results: A significant correlation was found between the POSC-p model with intrinsic and a combination of treatment-seeking motivation (p=0.026); a combined score of the POSC-p model with intrinsic (p=0.008) and a combination of treatment-seeking motivation (p=0.032). Conclusion: There is a correlation between the POSC-p with motivation for seeking oral health treatment in pregnant women.
There has been a long history of the use of plants to improve dental health and oral hygiene. The purpose of this research was to find out the difference of salivary pH before and after toothbrushing with toothpaste containing betel leaf (Piper betel). The type of research used was quasi-experimental. Data collected were analyzed by using a paired t-test. The result shows that there is an increase of salivary pH by an average of 0.48 after toothbrushing with toothpaste containing betel leaf (Piper betel). In conclusion, there is the difference between the salivary pH before and after toothbrushing with toothpaste containing betel leaf (Piper betel).
Bahaya rokok dapat berdampak kepada semua orang, namun wanita perokok memiliki risiko yang lebih tinggi. Panas hasil pembakaran rokok dan kandungan kimia yang terdapat dalam rokok dapat menyebabkan penurunan aliran darah dan fungsi kelenjar saliva yang memengaruhi kondisi rongga mulut wanita perokok. Tujuan penelitian menganalisis perbedaan nilai volume saliva, pH saliva dan kondisi rongga mulut antara wanita perokok dan non perokok. Metode: Jenis penelitian deskriptif komparatif. Data yang digunakan data sekunder dengan pengambilan sampel secara consecutive sampling. Penentuan jumlah sampel menggunakan Lemeshow. Data objektif volume saliva diperoleh dengan metode spitting dan pH saliva ditentukan menggunakan pH paper test. Data kondisi rongga mulut diperoleh dari pengisian kuesioner. Responden dalam penelitian ini 26 wanita perokok dan 26 wanita non perokok. Data volume dan pH saliva dianalisis dengan uji t independen dan data kondisi rongga mulut dianalisis dengan uji z parametrik dengan nilai signifikansi p<0,05. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada sampel pH saliva (p=9,60) dan adanya kondisi karies (p=0,0523), dan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada volume saliva (p=1,25), ulserasi (p=0,3989), gusi berdarah (p=0,1237) dan mulut kering (p=0,0864) antara wanita perokok dan wanita non perokok. Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan nilai pH saliva antara wanita perokok dan wanita non perokok. Tidak terdapat perbedaan pada nilai volume saliva dan kondisi rongga mulut antara wanita perokok dan wanita non perokok.Kata kunci: kondisi rongga mulut; pH saliva; volume saliva; wanita perokok The differences of salivary volume, pH and oral cavity conditions of women smokers and non-smokers
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