Differences of young adult smokers and non-smokers saliva reviewed by salivary pH, viscosity, and volume

Abstract

Introduction: Salivary pH, viscosity and volume play an important role in maintaining tooth and oral tissue integrity. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the difference of young adult smokers and non-smokers saliva reviewed by its pH, viscosity and volume. Methods: The research sample of 28 smokers and 24 non-smokers. Saliva was collected by spitting method then the pH, viscosity and volume was measured. The data was analyze using independent sample t-test and chi-square. Results: The result indicated that there was a significant difference in the mean value of salivary pH on smokers and non-smokers with p-value 0.000 (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the mean value of salivary viscosity on smokers and non-smokers with p-value 0.000 (p < 0.05.) There was a significant difference in the mean value of salivary volume on smokers and non-smokers with p-value 0.000 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The conclusion of the research showed that salivary pH of smokers was lower than non-smokers, salivary viscosity of smokers was higher than non-smokers and salivary volume of smokers was fewer than non-smokers.Keywords: Young adult, smokers, non-smokers, saliva, salivary pH, salivary viscosity, salivary volume

Can smoking alter salivary homeostasis? A systematic review on the effects of traditional and electronic cigarettes on qualitative and quantitative saliva parameters

“…33,34 Interestingly, smoking has been proven to reduce SFR. Confirming the previous observations, [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] Singh et al demonstrated a significant decrease in SFR in cigarette smokers. 38 One of the mechanisms leading to a reduced SFR may be alterations in the tissue architecture of the salivary glands.…”

“…36 In the group of non-smokers, 75% of participants had normal saliva viscosity, and 25% had moderate saliva viscosity, indicating that no subjects had poor saliva viscosity. 36 An increase in saliva viscosity due to smoking may be connected with a high sensitivity of the parotid glands to tobacco smoke toxins. 57,58 The parotid glands are responsible for producing watery, serous saliva, and its absence is compensated by the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, which secrete thicker saliva with a high mucin content.…”

“…56 In the majority of nicotine addicts, saliva is reported to be thick and viscous, while in non-smokers, it is thinner. 36,41 In a study by Kusumaningrum et al, 57% of smokers demonstrated moderate saliva viscosity, 43% were included in the poor saliva viscosity category, and no participants demonstrated normal saliva viscosity. 36 In the group of non-smokers, 75% of participants had normal saliva viscosity, and 25% had moderate saliva viscosity, indicating that no subjects had poor saliva viscosity.…”

“…36,41 In a study by Kusumaningrum et al, 57% of smokers demonstrated moderate saliva viscosity, 43% were included in the poor saliva viscosity category, and no participants demonstrated normal saliva viscosity. 36 In the group of non-smokers, 75% of participants had normal saliva viscosity, and 25% had moderate saliva viscosity, indicating that no subjects had poor saliva viscosity. 36 An increase in saliva viscosity due to smoking may be connected with a high sensitivity of the parotid glands to tobacco smoke toxins.…”

Enzymatic Methods for Salivary Biomarkers Detection: Overview and Current Challenges

“…In this sense, tobacco can also alter the volume, viscosity, and pH of saliva. This was revealed in a comparative study between smokers and non-smokers, finding that the salivary volume and pH of smokers was lower in non-smokers and the salivary viscosity of smokers was greater in non-smokers [47].…”