Psoriasis is a proliferative autoimmune skin disease which is affecting 2% of worldwide population. It is characterized by itching, skin rashes and red scalps with white scales on the skin. Though, different types are reported, common existing form of psoriasis is plaque psoriasis. The epidemiology of disease seems to be remains unknown, but the incidence varies, surrounded by the different countries. The pathophysiology of the disease appears as drastic cellular changes occur both in epidermis and dermis which narrates to keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Earlier available medications like emollients and some keratolyitic agents has not proven promising role in controlling the disease burden. But, in advance regimen, with wide range of therapeutic mediators like coal tar, anthranilin, calcineurin inhibitors, methotrexate, retinoids, cyclosporine are proven to be effective in treating mild psoriasis to severe psoriasis. In recent years, phototherapy has once again emerged as most recommended due to ease of treatment and its intoxications. Hence, this review emphasizes the therapeutic agents available in market and its effectiveness in controlling the psoriasis.

The objective of the present research is to prepare stable nano suspensions of Valsartan (VAL) with high solubility and dissolution. VAL is an orally administered anti-hypertensive drug with lower bio-availability of 25%, this is attributed to its lower aqueous solubility (0.082 mg/ml). VAL nano suspensions were prepared by using a bottom-up precipitation technique using five level full factorial central composite design (CCD). The optimized nano formulations NS21, NS22, NS23 showed the particle size of 268.42±8.99, 288.3±11.32, 293.46±6.92 nm, zeta potential of 20.89±0.79, 26.01 ±1.02, 21.34±0.43 mVs and the dissolution efficiency of 93.10±1.459, 91.84±1.419, 89.47±0.644 % respectively. SEM & AFM studies represent the formation of fine irregularly shaped particles with smooth surfaces on nanosization. X-rd studies confirmed the physical state conversion of crystalline drug into amorphous form. Drug excipient compatibility was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The investigation pragmatic the solubility and dissolution efficiency of VAL in nanosuspension was significantly higher when compared with its pure form. Finally, it is concluded that, nanosuspension approach could be an ideal, promising approach to increase the solubility and dissolution of BCS-II drugs like Valsartan.

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Objective: To prepare and evaluate the suitable nanosuspensions of Meropenem (BCS-IV drug) to increase its solubility and dissolution. Methodology: The meropenem nanosuspensions were prepared by emulsification solvent evaporation technique by applying ultrasonic energy through probe sonicator, where the organic phase of drug solution in methanol was emulsified in aqueous phase containing hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose as solubilizer and sodium lauryl sulphate as stabilizer. The prepared nanosuspensions were characterised for particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology by SEM, drug excipient compatibility by FTIR and DSC and conducted in-vitro drug release studies. Results: Results showed that the prepared nanosuspensions were having particle size range from 1 to 1000nm and the zeta potential from -10 to -20 mVs. Scanning electron microscopic pictures revealed that the obtained nanosuspension particles were spherical in shape with surface smoothness and in-vitro drug release studies notified that the prepared nanosuspensions showed increase in solubility and dissolution of meropenem when compared with the pure form. Conclusion: The nanosuspensions of meropenem could be successfully prepared and can be concluded that the nanosuspension formulation is a promising approach to increase the solubility and dissolution of BCS-IV drugs like meropenem.

Nanosuspension can be defined as colloidal dispersions of Nano-sized drug particles that are produced by a suitable method and stabilized by a suitable stabilizer. They can also define as the biphasic system consisting of pure drug particle dispersed in an aqueous vehicle in which the diameter of the suspended particle is less than 1µm in size. Techniques of drug Nanosuspension preparation can be categorized into two principle classes; Top-down and bottom-up technologies. The top-down technologies are the mechanical communication processes of larger drug particles, as in milling and homogenization. The bottom-up technologies begin with the molecules which are dissolved and then precipitated through on solvent addition a in supercritical fluid technology, spray freezing in to liquid process, evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution and liquid solvent change process. Although top-down approaches are widely employed, the drawbacks associated with mechanical attritions processes, such as time consumption, intensive energy use, inadequate control of particles size and electrostatic effects, promote greater interest toward bottom up creation of nanoparticles. Nano means it is the factor of 10 -9 . The particle size distribution ranges from 0.1µm to 25µm, only negligible amount being below 1µm in the manometer range. For a long duration of time micronization of poorly soluble drugs by colloidal mills was prepared. Different Methods for Preparation of Nanosuspension [1]Mainly there are two methods for preparation of Nanosuspension. The conventional methods of precipitation are called Bottom up Technology. In Bottom up Technology the drug is dissolved in a solvent, which is then added to non-solvent to precipitate the crystal. This technique is that during the precipitation procedure the growing of the drug crystals need to be controlled by addition of surfactant to avoid formation of micro particles. The top down Technologies are the disintegration methods and are preferred over the precipitation methods. The top

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) have gained significant attention in recent years as a promising delivery system for drugs targeting the Central Nervous System (CNS) via the Nose-To-Brain (NTB) route. The unique characteristics of SLNs, such as their small particle size, high stability, and ability to encapsulate lipophilic drugs, make them suitable for crossing the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and achieving targeted delivery to the brain. This has led to the development of SLNs-based formulations of drugs for neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, which are being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. Overall, the recent advances in SLN technology have improved these nanoparticles' stability, drug loading capacity and BBB crossing ability, making them a promising delivery system for NTB drug delivery. SLNs are composed of a solid lipid core surrounded by a surfactant coating, which allows for the encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Additionally, we will also highlight the current challenges and future perspectives of using SLNs for NTB delivery of CNS therapeutics. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in using SLNs for NTB delivery and to encourage further research in this field.

In the present study, an attempt was made to prepare a pulsincap chronomodulated drug delivery system for the treatment of asthma and associated early morning allergy. Pulsincap capsule was prepared by sealing the drug nanosuspension inside the formaldehyde treated insoluble capsule bodies with a swellable and erodible guar gum plug. The drug, Montelukast sodium (MLS) nanosuspension was prepared by emulsion-solvent evaporation method using HPMC E15 and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Nanosuspension formulations were optimized by using statistical Central composite design (CCD) for the required size and stability. The entire capsules were enteric coated using Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP). This enteric coat prevents the drug release in the stomach, further the swellable hydrogel plug protect the nanosuspension to maintain the lag phase (5h) and facilitate its burst release in the colon. The length of this lag phase depends upon the concentration and quantity of the hydro gel plug. In order to simulate the GIT environment, the dissolution studies were performed using a sequential pH change method. DSC studies confirmed the absence of drug-excipient interactions. From the design space provided by the CCD, F14 and F15 formulations were considered as optimized. SEM studies were conducted for F14 formulation and this was filled in the Chronomodulated pulsincap systems (CMPs). These CMPs showed the drug release after 5h lag phase. Hence, when CMPs containing MLS nanosuspension is administered during bed time, it starts releasing the drug at the early morning hours to reduce asthma and associated early morning allergies like rhinitis and sneezing. Further, extensive in vivo studies are needed to be conducted to confirm the efficiency of these CMPs.