No abstract

Numerous factors can influence the prognosis of CAP. In addition to the CURB-65 score and some other medical risk factors, socioeconomic backgrounds can also affect the early outcome in CAP. In this study, being in the lower economic class (as an indicator of poverty) is interpreted as an independent risk factor for a poor prognosis in CAP.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Viola caspia subsp. sylvestrioides, a small important medicinal herb, belongs to the subsection Rostratae (sec. Viola) of genus Viola L. This study was performed to develop an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration of V. caspia subsp. sylvestrioides as an ex situ technique for conservation of endangered plants and extraction of secondary metabolites. Leaf and petiole explants were cultured on half and full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), isopentenyl adenine (2ip), thidiazuron (TDZ), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Direct organogenesis was induced on half and full-strength MS media supplemented with TDZ (0.7 to 3.5 mg/l) from leaf and petiole explants. Indirect shoot organogenesis was induced on half-strength MS supplemented with 3.5 mg/l 2ip and 2.5 mg/l NAA followed by transferring the obtained callus onto a half-strength MS containing 0.5 mg/l BAP. The highest frequency of shoot organogenesis (100 and 86.66%) was noted for petiole and leaf explants, respectively, on halfstrength MS medium supplemented with 2.8 mg/l TDZ (approx. 7.66 and 4.33 shoots per petiole and leaf explant, respectively). The induced shoots were used for root induction on a half-strength MS medium with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Phytochemical constituents in leaf tincture were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. GC/MS results revealed that vitamin E was the main component in the tincture of Viola leaves. The present study provides a simple and rapid protocol for in vitro regeneration of V. caspia subsp. sylvestrioides plants which can be used for gene transfer and conservation purposes, and in pharmaceutical studies.

Ischemic stroke is the most common among various stroke types and the second leading cause of death, worldwide. Edaravone (EDV) is one of the cardinal antioxidants that is capable of scavenging reactive oxygen species, especially hydroxyl molecules, and has been already used for ischemic stroke treatment. However, poor water solubility, low stability, and bioavailability in aqueous media are major EDV drawbacks. Thus, to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks, nanogel was exploited as a drug carrier of EDV. Furthermore, decorating the nanogel surface with glutathione as targeting ligands would potentiate the therapeutic efficacy. Nanovehicle characterization was assessed with various analytical techniques. Size (199 nm, hydrodynamic diameter) and zeta potential (-25 mV) of optimum formulation were assessed. The outcome demonstrated a diameter of around 100 nm, sphere shape, and homogenous morphology. Encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were determined to be 99.9% and 37.5%, respectively. In vitro drug release profile depicted a sustained release process. EDV and glutathione presence in one vehicle simultaneously made the possibility of antioxidant effects on the brain in specific doses, which resulted in elevated spatial memory and learning along with cognitive function in Wistar rats. In addition, significantly lower MDA and PCO and higher levels of neural GSH and antioxidant levels were observed, while histopathological improvement was approved. The developed nanogel can be a suited vehicle for drug delivery of EDV to the brain and improve ischemia-induced oxidative stress cell damage.

Depression is one of the main factors affecting our daily performance. Among many putative compounds with effect on behavioral and pathophysiological alterations in depression, edaravone (EDV) demonstrates antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. To investigate possible antidepressive and anxiolytic-like effects of EDV, Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: (1) control; (2) EDV (6 mg/kg); (3) post weaning social isolation (PWSI); (4) PWSI+EDV (1.5 mg/kg); (5) PWSI+EDV (3 mg/kg); and (6) PWSI+EDV (6 mg/kg). After the series of behavioral tests, animals were sacrificed, and their hippocampi were dissected for further biochemical and gene expression assays. Our results showed that treatment with 3 and 6 mg/kg EDV after social isolation would improve anxiety, depressive and anhedonic-like behavior in OFT, EPM, FST, and splash tests. In addition, treatment at the aforementioned doses achieved to recover total cellular antioxidant and GSH level. These effects were accompanied with the suppressive effect of EDV on MDA and PCO levels. EDV treatment also modulated the expression of AMPK, Tlr-4, BDNF, nNOS, and iNOS genes. The treatment with 3 and 6 mg/kg EDV would lead to the recovery of behavioral impairments, cellular free radical surge that could be in correlation with the effect of this substance on immune system response, improved energy production system, and more efficacy in the recovery of neural tissue. In conclusion, EDV ameliorates depressive-like disorder by modulating neuroinflammation, energy production, and neural tissue recovery.