Objective: Considering the impact of rapid sociocultural, political, and economical changes on societies and families, population-based surveys of mental disorders in different communities are needed to describe the magnitude of mental health problems and their disabling effects at the individual, familial, and societal levels. Method: A population-based cross sectional survey (IRCAP project) of 30 532 children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years was conducted in all provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by 250 clinical psychologists trained to use the validated Persian version of the semi-structured diagnostic interview Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-PL (K-SADS-PL). Results: In this national epidemiological survey, 6209 out of 30 532 (22.31%) were diagnosed with at least one psychiatric disorder. The anxiety disorders (14.13%) and behavioral disorders (8.3%) had the highest prevalence, while eating disorders (0.13%) and psychotic symptoms (0.26%) had the lowest. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was significantly lower in girls (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.80-0.90), in those living in the rural area (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.73-0.87), in those aged 15-18 years (OR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.99), as well as that was significantly higher in those who had a parent suffering from mental disorders (OR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.63-2.36 for mother and OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.07-1.66 for father) or physical illness (OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.17-1.35 for mother and OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.10-1.28 for father). Conclusion: About one fifth of Iranian children and adolescents suffer from at least one psychiatric disorder. Therefore, we should give a greater priority to promoting mental health and public health, provide more accessible services and trainings, and reduce barriers to accessing existing services.

Considering the proportion of psychological problems in Iranian children and adolescents, we need to develop and implement special policies and programs to provide appropriate mental health services.

Background:Essential oils have been used as an alternative and complementary treatment in medicine. Citrus fragrance has been used by aromatherapists for the treatment of anxiety symptoms. Based on this claim, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy with essential oil of orange on child anxiety during dental treatment.Materials and Methods:Thirty children (10 boys, 20 girls) aged 6-9 years participated in a crossover intervention study, according to the inclusion criteria, among patients who attended the pediatric department of Isfahan Dental School in 2011. Every child underwent two dental treatment appointments including dental prophylaxis and fissure-sealant therapy under orange aroma in one session (intervention) and without any aroma (control) in another one. Child anxiety level was measured using salivary cortisol and pulse rate before and after treatment in each visit. The data were analyzed using t-test by SPSS software version 18.Results:The mean ± SD and mean difference of salivary cortisol levels and pulse rate were calculated in each group before and completion of treatment in each visit. The difference in means of salivary cortisol and pulse rate between treatment under orange odor and treatment without aroma was 1.047 ± 2.198 nmol/l and 6.73 ± 12.3 (in minutes), which was statistically significant using paired t-test (P = 0.014, P = 0.005, respectively).Conclusion:It seems that the use of aromatherapy with natural essential oil of orange could reduce salivary cortisol and pulse rate due to child anxiety state.

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ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was toinvestigate the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in adolescents in fiveprovinces of Iran: Tehran, Shiraz, Esfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad.MethodIn the present study, 9636 children and adolescents aged 6-18 yearswere selected from Tehran, Shiraz, Esfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad. The clinicalpsychologists were instructed to complete the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), then each of them that received high score in SDQ, completethe Persian version of Kiddie-Sads-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). Oneway ANOVA was used totest for significant differences of disorders according to sex, age and province of residence.ResultBased on the results, the highest prevalenceof psychiatric disorders in the five provinces was related to conduct disorder (20.9%), and the lowest prevalence was related to substance abuse andalcohol abuse (0%). Also, ADHD had the most prevalence in boys (23.6%) and ODDhad the most prevalence in girls (19%). Among the 5 provinces, Tehran and Shiraz allocated the highest rates of ODD; Esfahan, Tabriz andMashhad had the highest rates of social phobiaConclusionIn this study, the highest prevalence ofpsychological problems in the five provinces was related to conduct problems, and the lowest prevalence was related to substance abuse andalcohol abuse. It was determined that girls have more ODD than boys. In the current study, theprevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in the urbanpopulation in Tehran province was higher than expected.