BackgroundThe Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) has recently been developed to assess oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of pre-school children in English speaking communities. This study aimed to translate the ECOHIS into Farsi and test its psychometric properties for use on 2- to 5-year-old children of Farsi speaking Iranian families.MethodsEHOHIS questionnaire was translated into Farsi using a standardized forward-backward linguistic translation method. Its face and content validity was tested in two small pilot studies. In the main study, a convenience sample of 260 parents of 2- to 5-year-old children in Isfahan and Tehran were invited to complete the final Farsi version of the ECOHIS (F-ECOHIS) and answer two global self-rating questions about their children's dental appearance and oral health. Association between F-ECOHIS scores and answers to the two self-rating questions, and the correlation between child (9 items) and family (4 items) sections of the F-ECOHIS were used to assess the concurrent and convergent validity of the questionnaire. Internal consistency reliability of the F-ECOHIS was tested using Cronbach's alpha coefficient test and item total and inter-item correlations. One third of participants were invited to complete the F-ECOHIS again after 2 weeks to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the questionnaire.ResultsTwo hundred and forty six parents were included in the main study. The association between the F-ECOHIS scores and the two self-rating questions and the correlation between its child and family sections were significant (P < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the F-ECOHIS and its child and family sections were 0.93, 0.89, and 0.85 respectively. Coefficients did not increase by deleting any item. The corrected item total correlation coefficient ranged from 0.52 to 0.74. The inter-item correlation coefficient ranged between 0.30 and 0.73. Seventy three parents participated in the follow up study for re-testing the questionnaire. Comparison of their test and re-test scores had a weighted kappa of 0.81 and inter-class correlation (ICC) of 0.82.ConclusionThe F-ECOHIS questionnaire was valid and reliable for assessing the OHRQoL of 2- to 5-year-old pre-school children of Farsi speaking parents.

Background:Essential oils have been used as an alternative and complementary treatment in medicine. Citrus fragrance has been used by aromatherapists for the treatment of anxiety symptoms. Based on this claim, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy with essential oil of orange on child anxiety during dental treatment.Materials and Methods:Thirty children (10 boys, 20 girls) aged 6-9 years participated in a crossover intervention study, according to the inclusion criteria, among patients who attended the pediatric department of Isfahan Dental School in 2011. Every child underwent two dental treatment appointments including dental prophylaxis and fissure-sealant therapy under orange aroma in one session (intervention) and without any aroma (control) in another one. Child anxiety level was measured using salivary cortisol and pulse rate before and after treatment in each visit. The data were analyzed using t-test by SPSS software version 18.Results:The mean ± SD and mean difference of salivary cortisol levels and pulse rate were calculated in each group before and completion of treatment in each visit. The difference in means of salivary cortisol and pulse rate between treatment under orange odor and treatment without aroma was 1.047 ± 2.198 nmol/l and 6.73 ± 12.3 (in minutes), which was statistically significant using paired t-test (P = 0.014, P = 0.005, respectively).Conclusion:It seems that the use of aromatherapy with natural essential oil of orange could reduce salivary cortisol and pulse rate due to child anxiety state.

This paper develops a new physically based model to investigate face centered cubic (FCC) metals and alloys under high strain rate loadings (>10 4 s À1 ) which includes kinematics and constitutive equations for the propagation of elastic and steady plastic waves. The model's formulations are based on the rate of the conservation energy law that includes the rate of the input energy, internal energy, and entropy generation. This formulation is obtained by incorporating the viscous drag effects and associating the entropy generation to the generation, glide, and annihilation of dislocations. The model is used for 6061-T6 aluminum alloys and the results are verified with the published theoretical models and experimental tests. Also, the effect of different parameters, such as the particle velocity, shear flow stress, shear strain rate and temperature are investigated. As a result, the presented model shows good capability in describing the mentioned parameters.

Market data analysis in Iran stock market has been considered in this paper. The experimental data are the shares prices from Iran stock market covering a period of 5 years which is long enough to take the properties such as non-stationary of the market into account. The analysis tools are the time series analysis methods such as power spectral density analysis, time series histogram plot, and the recurrence plots. Nonlinear analysis over the shares' prices time series' for some companies such as Iran Khodro Co, Persian bank and Niro Mohareke Iran is performed. The results indicate a deterministic, unstationary and seasonal behavior in addition to unstable periodic orbits and even chaotic behavior in these time series'. These observations imply just short-term predictability of stock's shares' prices behaviors. Keywords-Time series analysis; recurrence quantification analysis (RQA); power spectral density; seasonality; un-stationarity; chaotic behavior.I.

In their observations, contemporary scientists have believed in transformism which claims whole natural world is always in evolvement. This paper investigates whether Mulla Sadra's philosophical opinions are consistent with this theory or not. The method of this research is analytical-descriptive. The conclusion is that four fundamentals: the principality of existence, the analogical unity of existence, the substantial movement and gradual increase in intensity of existence, are the main foundations of Mulla Sadra's philosophy. The first three principles justify the forth one which is 'the evolutional movement of the natural creatures'. According to Mulla Sadra, nature is in-itself a movement and movement is not limited to accident, but he believes that movement is the mood of the nature. He believes that nature is, therefore, a continuous whole that moves from its inferiority to its superiority, in the same way as a child grows. In this paper it is also proved that the evolution of the creatures does not contradict the existence of God and religious texts.