Maraging steels are used to produce tools by Additive Manufacturing (AM) methods such as Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) and Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Although it is well established that dense parts can be produced by AM, the influence of the AM process on the microstructure-in particular the content of retained and reversed austenite as well as the nanostructure, especially the precipitate density and chemistry, are not yet explored. Here, we study these features using microhardness measurements, Optical Microscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Atom Probe Tomography (APT) in the as-produced state and during ageing heat treatment. We find that due to microsegregation, retained austenite exists in the as-LMD-and as-SLM-produced states but not in the conventionally-produced material. The hardness in the as-LMD-produced state is higher than in the conventionally and SLM-produced materials, however, not in the uppermost layers. By APT, it is confirmed that this is due to early stages of precipitation induced by the cyclic re-heating upon further deposition-i.e., the intrinsic heat treatment associated with LMD. In the peak-aged state, which is reached after a similar time in all materials, the hardness of SLM-and LMD-produced material is slightly lower than in conventionally-produced material due to the presence of retained austenite and reversed austenite formed during ageing.

No abstract

The growing competition in the die casting industry requires extension of the lifetime of the moulds. This major demand can be fulfilled by increasing the wear resistance of the mould with hard surface layers to reduce erosion. Combining this feature with high tensile strength and high ductility, thermal or stress induced cracking during the casting process with its cyclic thermal and mechanical stresses can also be minimised or inhibited. However, commonly used hot working tool steels are limited regarding the required properties. Laser cladding is an established technique to increase wear and corrosion protection locally and it offers the possibility to combine properties by multi-graded layers

The authors uses laser additive manufacturing (LAM) as a combinatorial method for synthesizing microstructurally and compositionally piecewise graded bulk alloys. Authors fabricate blocks consisting of a sequence of %500 mm thick tool steel layers, each with different chemical composition, by laser metal deposition where alloy powders are deposited layer-wise on a substrate. The reference materials are a Cr-Mo-V hot working tool steel and a Ni-based maraging steel. The layers between them consist of corresponding blends of the two materials with varying composition from layer to layer (alloy volume fractions 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, and 20:80). The bulk alloy is hot rolled and heat treated. Subsequently each layer is characterized for microstructure, chemical composition and mechanical properties using electron back scatter diffraction, tensile testing, and indentation. The approach is an efficient high-throughput method enabling rapid probing of novel compositional alloy blends. It can be applied for finding new alloys both, by LAM and for LAM. For the tool steel blends synthesized here, authors observe that the Cr-Mo-V tool steel, when mixed with the Ni-base maraging steel, can be continuously tuned for a strength-ductility profile in the range of 800-1650 MPa strength and 15-25% tensile elongation.

A process layout for laser cladding of layers on substrates of titanium aluminides using state-of-theart and modified (additions of Si and TiB 2 ) TiAl alloys is presented. The process involves a preheating of the samples to reduce thermal stresses and cladding in an inert gas atmosphere with an oxygen content lower than 30 ppm. These conditions lead to crack free layers and low surface oxidation. Microstructure and hardness of the layers are investigated. The abrasive wear resistance of the cladded layers in comparison to the base material is tested with promising results. Finally results of the oxidation behavior are shown and prove the increased performance of modified TiAl layers in comparison to the base material.

No abstract

The lifetime and economic methods of improving the lifetime of a die-casting die are key factors for the die-casting industry since the global competition and the competition with other production techniques have increased significantly. The article depicts the approach, technical realization, latest results and process limitations of the INNOGRAD research project. Here, powder-based laser-cladding is applied to combine two materials as a functionally graded material. By applying gradient structures it is possible to fit the material to the predominant type of exposure, resulting in an increase in the lifetime of die-casting dies.

No abstract