What is known on the subject?• Trauma among psychiatric nurses and other healthcare workers is related to workplace violence, but other risk factors may also contribute, including those occurring before, during or after workplace violence. What does this paper add to existing knowledge?• Most previously identified PTSD risk factors were not tested or supported in research with psychiatric nurses, although there is promising evidence for risk factors including severe or injurious assault, cumulative exposure, burnout, and other worker characteristics.• We identify directions for research needed to improve knowledge, including collecting data before nurses experience workplace violence, defining workplace risk factors consistently and conducting and reporting qualitative analysis. What are the implications for practice?• Provide training in risk assessment and violence prevention to psychiatric nurses.• Offer mental health support to those exposed to violence, especially with cumulative exposure.
Objectives The aim of this study was to identify literature on evaluated workplace interventions to prevent or reduce the prevalence or impact of work‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD symptoms among hospital nurses. A second objective was to summarise and compare the characteristics and effectiveness of these interventions. Background A substantial proportion of nurses report PTSD symptoms. Previous reviews have synthesised interventions to address PTSD in military and other high‐risk populations, but similar work focusing on nurses has yet to be conducted. Methods We conducted a scoping review with the question: What interventions have been studied to prevent or treat PTSD symptoms or PTSD among nurses working in hospitals? We followed the PRISMA Scoping Review Checklist using an unregistered protocol. We searched in twelve academic and grey literature databases (e.g. MedLine, CINAHL) with no language restrictions. We included publications reporting on interventions which were evaluated for measurable impacts on PTSD and PTSD symptoms among nursing staff working in inpatient settings from 1980 to 2019, and charted study characteristics in a spreadsheet. Results From 7746 results, 63 studies moved to full‐text screening, and six studies met inclusion criteria. Methodologies included three randomised controlled studies, one quasi‐experimental study, one pre‐post feasibility study and one descriptive correlational study. Four studies reported a significant reduction in PTSD scores in intervention groups compared with baseline or comparison, when using debriefing, guided imagery or mindfulness‐based exercises. Conclusions This review identified six studies evaluating hospital‐based interventions to reduce PTSD and PTSD symptoms among hospital nurses, with some positive effects reported, contributing to a preliminary evidence base on reducing workplace trauma. Larger studies can compare nurse subpopulations, and system‐level interventions should expand the focus from individuals to organisations. Relevance to clinical practice This review can inform nursing and hospital leaders developing evidence‐based interventions for PTSD among nurses.
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