Recently, there is increasing evidence that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes men to experience more serious symptoms and have a higher mortality rate than women, but the association between sex and immune response stays unknown till now, and weather patient’s prognosis associated with sex or not is another vague in COVID-19. In this study, the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titer test was performed for 727 patients who were a positive RT-PCR result for COVID-19 and we determined the difference in immune response in both genders. Patients were divided into two groups based on their genders, which were 383 males and 344 females. Plasma was collected from the patients after 17 days of diagnosis with COVID-19, and the concentrations of specific antibodies (IgG and IgM) was measured by multiparametric immunoassay system (VIDAS). Results demonstrated that there was no significant difference in both IgM and IgG production in male participants compared to women. Moreover, despite there was a weak significant positive association between age and IgM in male patients, while there was no significant correlation between IgG and age for the same gender. On the other hand, a slight positive correlation between IgM and IgG with age was observed in female participants. Finally, it concluded that there was no sex biases in patients with COVID-19 in Erbil, Iraq. So, these findings are crucial to treat and care male and female’s patients infected with COVID-19 at hospitals.

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In December 2019, a new coronavirus disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared in Wuhan city and quickly became a global health issue. COVID-19 causes various symptoms ranging from no symptoms to potentially deadly pneumonia. The study aimed to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on immune response and the differences in inflammatory, coagulation, and cardiac biomarkers between male and female patients. Between June 1st and November 1st, 2020, 95 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals were studied at Zanko Hospital. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed using the real-time RT-PCR technique. All cases were analyzed for clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory data. On average, the patients were 50.64 (SEM= 2.359) years old, with 61 males and 34 females. The patients had elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), which was 43.96 (SEM= 6.154), while the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 50.50 (SEM= 5.498). The mean of D-Dimer, ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were 1.204 (SEM= 0.164), 534.7 (SEM= 61.48), and 366.6 (SEM= 36.81), respectively. There were no significant differences in the study's data mentioned above between male and female patients. In conclusion, inflammation is the most prominent symptom in COVID-19 patients, and males and females are nearly equally affected.

Psoriasis is a common skin disease with extracutaneous manifestations. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the skin with changes in the maturation of keratinocytes (KCs), which manifested by the hyperproliferation of the epidermis. It is mediated by T lymphocytes, multigenic and environmental factors (Scarpa et al., 2010). The Hyper-proliferation of epidermal KCs in psoriasis patients is driven by cytokines secreted from activated resident immune cells, an infiltrate of T cells, dendritic cells and other cells of the innate immune system, as well as the KCs themselves (Baliwag et al., 2015). Different factors including infections, trauma, medications and emotional stress can activate KCs to release cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) which in turn initiate the activation of resident

Infection is common in thalassemia patients and is one of the leading causes of death. It's still unclear why these individuals are so sensitive to infection. There is strong evidence that a deficiency in the functioning of phagocytic cells plays a key role in the weakened resistance to pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of phagocytic cells by comparing the serum levels of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Neopterin in thalassemia patients to healthy people. The study included 50 thalassemia patients and 30 healthy controls. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to estimate the serum levels of GM-CSF and Neopterin. Serum levels of GM-CSF were significantly elevated in thalassemia patients when compared to healthy people (p < 0.05), while serum levels of Neopterin showed no significant change between thalassemia patients and healthy controls. Both serum levels of GM-CSF and Neopterin showed no significant difference between Splenectomized and healthy controls. Total leukocyte counts, lymphocytes, MID (monocytes), platelets, and RBC were all significantly higher in thalassemia patients compared to healthy controls. But, granulocyte counts showed no significant difference between the thalassemia patients and the healthy controls. On the other hand, total leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelets counts were significantly raised in splenectomized patients when compared to healthy controls and non-splenectomized patients, respectively. We came to the conclusion that thalassemia patients have a high immune cell count, which is most likely due to the antigenic difficulties posed by blood transfusions. On the other hand, these patients have an impaired immune system.