This article presents the notion of symbiosis and how it changes the principles of conception and evaluation to insure the acceptance of technology. It is important to understand these new symbiotic technologies, in particular how they introduce new types of interaction and suggest new principles for human-computer interaction ergonomy. We first present a review of the literature and the main concepts that have been developed to gain a better understanding of acceptance, such as the TAM model (usability and usefulness), user satisfaction, and expectation and disconfirmation of expectations. The notion of symbiotic technology is then presented in relation to the critical capacity of the system to really complement and augment human information processing. Examples of symbiotic technologies are given, together with the principles which underlie their success and make up the ergonomic guidelines for symbiotic computer systems. New ergonomic criteria are proposed to ensure efficient symbiotic computer interactions : amplification of intelligence, augmentation of perception, multiplier operative efficiency, adaptation of knowledge in context, balancing emotional, resilience in the management of errors, reduction of the distracters, and continuity of information flow. Their consequences are discussed from an ergonomical point of view.
Aim: This paper explores the real practices of users of a smart carpooling application that learns their mobility habits and predicts their future trips to propose relevant matches. Method: A combination of usage data and interviews analysis allows us to explore the commuter experience from registration to the first and the next shared rides. Findings: The results highlight the shortcomings associated with human factors in carpooling and with humansmart system interactions. They show that perceptions of practical constraints and poor counterparts are the major reasons for difficulty in incorporating carpooling into daily mobility. Psychosocial barriers take different forms at different steps of the carpooling experience (search for information or guarantees about other users, the necessity of conversing with others, much uncertainty about how to behave). The fact that the service is smart amplifies these problems and reduces the desire to carpool again because it creates new misunderstandings (i.e., the user does not understand what the system vs. the other users do) and discomfort in relation to other riders (no answer, too many refusals, necessity of refusing, negative carpool experience, or concern over proposing a bad carpool). Despite these difficulties, the users perceive carpooling as a good solution and a positive human experience when the matching is accurate. We propose some recommendations to overcome the identified difficulties.
Little research has examined the behavior of public transport users in response to a service disruption that has just occurred. This article aims to identify the different ways in which suburban train passengers cope with service interruptions or delays and to identify the factors involved in their decision-making process. We conducted a study mixing two methods: a revealed-preference questionnaire that asked 185 participants about their choices during the last major disruption they encountered and a diary study in which participants described all disruptions they experienced during a two-week period. Eighty disruptions were reported in detail by 38 users. We analyze our results using multiple correspondence analysis and ascending hierarchical clustering to construct eight suburban train passenger behavioral profiles. Additionally, we compare different cases of disruption (in a multiple-case study). We identify three categories of factors affecting suburban train user behavior: individual-specific factors, journey-specific factors and information-specific factors.The findings show that user expertise, car availability, perception of service recovery time, opinions on passenger information services, available transport services, time constraints, and the moment and place at which communication about the disruption is received influence user behavior.
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