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Coffee production has been a major source of income in Indonesia since the early twentieth century. This study aimed to estimate the energy balances and determine the environmental impact of Robusta and Arabica coffee production as well as identify the measures to increase the efficiency of Robusta and Arabica yield using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The potential adverse impacts of processing ground coffee manifest themselves in the forms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, acidification, as well as water and environmental pollution due to solid and liquid waste disposal. The total GHG emissions for Arabica coffee processing is 1,804 t CO 2 -eq year -1 while for Robusta, it is 1,356 t CO 2 -eq year -1 . The total acidification potential for Arabica coffee processing can be given by 8,013 kg NO 2-eq year -1 and 10,663 kg SO 2 -eq year -1 , while for Robusta coffee processing, the potential for acidification is represented by 60.97 kg NO 2 -eq year -1 and 79.58 kg SO 2-eq year -1 , and the potential GHG per unit weight of Arabica and Robusta ground coffee processing were 98.7 CO 2 -eq kg -1 and Robusta 119.6 CO 2 -eq kg -1 , respectively. The potential measures to mitigate this include replacing gasoline with biofuel, utilising liquid waste with chemical processing, and solid wastes of coffee production, such as brickquetess and bio-pellets for renewable energy.

Rapid and massive damage on peatland mainly due to conversion to a production system in the presence of perennial crops for the purpose of financially profitable agribusiness, such as oil palm plantations and other industries, can lead to increased greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gas emissions are influenced by biophysical processes are complex, such as peat decomposition and compaction, nutrient availability, soil water content, and soil water content. When land clearing increased significantly in the area of peatland is not followed by the application of sustainable agriculture, then, will peat land would become flammable and the greater the volume of CO2 gas that emits into the atmosphere that causes global warming and climate change. This paper reviews  about the expansion of agriculture and plantations on peatland and action needs to be done by following sustainable agricultural systems. Noting the condition of peatland that have been severely damaged due to the expansion of oil palm plantations, the mitigation and adaptation in the land through sustainable agricultural system is highly recommended to reduce the more severe damage to the peatland areas and minimize the release of CO2 into the atmosphere.

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