A new lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) is proposed for qualitative and/or semiquantitative determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and their analogues (AFs, ZEAs, DONs) in cereal samples. Each of the mycotoxin specific antibody was class specific and there was no cross reactivity to other groups of compounds. The visual limits of detection (vLOD) of the strip were 0.03, 1.6, and 10 μg/kg for AFB1, ZEA and DON, respectively. The calculated limits of detection (cLOD) were 0.05, 1, and 3 μg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile the cutoff values were achieved at 1, 50, and 60 μg/kg for AFB1, ZEA and DON, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 80% to 122% and RSD from 5% to 20%. Both the vLOD and cLOD for the three mycotoxins were lower than the EU maximum levels. Analysis of naturally contaminated maize samples resulted in a good agreement between the multiplex LFA and LC-MS/MS (100% for DONs and AFs, and 81% for ZEAs). Careful analysis of the results further explained the general overestimation of LFA compared to chromatographic methods for quantification of mycotoxins.
Schematic illustration of the tailored process from bulk g-C3N4 to two typical tailored morphologies (CNPSs and CNQDs) by treatment of different NH3/H2O2 volume ratios.
P3HT-g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts with high activity have been fabricated by assembling p-type P3HT particles on n-type g-C 3 N 4 nanoplates via a ball milling method. The photocatalytic activity of the P3HT-g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts for the degradation of MB was 2 times higher than that of pure g-C 3 N 4 . The formation of a heterojunction interface of P3HT-g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts enhanced the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and resulted in the enhancement of photocatalytic performance.The potential difference in the heterojunction is the main driving force for efficient charge separation and transfer. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Schematic illustration of the organic heterojunction, charge separation and photocatalytic process, TEM, XPS, BET, DRS and cycle experimental data of the P3HT-g-C 3 N 4 composite. See Fig. 3 (a) DRS of the P3HT-g-C 3 N 4 polymer composite, (b) XRD patterns of the P3HT-g-C 3 N 4 polymer composite, (c) Raman spectrum of the P3HT-g-C 3 N 4 composite under 514 nm excitation and (d) FT-IR spectrum of the P3HT-g-C 3 N 4 composite.This journal is
Alveolar epithelial type II (AEII) cells are a key structure and defender in the lung but also are the targets in many lung diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, ventilator-induced lung injury, and pulmonary fibrosis. We sought to establish an optimized method for high yielding and long maintenance of characteristics of primary human AEII cells to facilitate the investigation of the mechanisms of lung diseases at the cellular and molecular levels. Adult human peripheral normal lung tissues of oncologic patients undergoing lung resection were collected. The AEII cells were isolated and identified by the expression of pro-surfactant protein (SP)C, epithelial sodium channel (αENaC) and cytokeratin (CK)-8, the lamellar bodies specific for AEII cells, and confirmed by the histology using electron microscopy. The phenotype of AEII cells was characterized by the expression of surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D), CK-8, KL-6, αENaC, and aquaporin (AQP)-3, which was maintained over 20 days. The biological activity of the primary human AEII cells producing SP-C, cytokines, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was vigorous in response to stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α. We have modified previous methods and optimized a method for isolation of high purity and long maintenance of the human AEII cell phenotype in primary culture. This method provides an important tool for studies aiming at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of lung diseases exclusively in AEII cells.
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