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BackgroundThe prevalence of dyslipidemia continue to increase in recent decades in China, however, little is known about the recent prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and potential risk factors of dyslipidemia in the rural areas of China.MethodsA total of 39,207 participants aged 18–79 years were recruited for the epidemiological research from the Henan Rural Cohort study. The age- and sex-adjusted means (95% confidence intervals, CI) of serum lipid levels or percentages of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control overall and in various population subgroups were estimated and compared by multiple linear regression or logistic regression. The multivariable logistic regression model was used to explore the associations between the socio-demographic factors and the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidemia.ResultsThe age- and sex-adjusted mean levels (95%CI) of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were 4.76(4.75–4.77), 1.68(1.67–1.69),1.33(1.32–1.33), and 2.87 (2.86–2.88) mmol/L, respectively. Overall, the age-standardized prevalence of dyslipidemia was 32.21% (42.85% in men vs. 26.16% in women) in Chinese rural adults, with 5.11, 16.00, 19.27, and 4.76% for high TC, high TG, low HDL-C and high LDL-C, respectively. The age-standardized awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidemia were 15.07, 7.23, and 3.25%, respectively, which were higher in women than men, and increased steeply with age (Ptrend < 0.05). The proportion of prevalence, awareness, treatment, control of dyslipidemia differed significantly among various subpopulations while the awareness, treatment, and control rates were universally low in all subgroups (< 54, 36, and 15%, respectively). Increasing age, men, unhealthy lifestyles, positive family history of dyslipidemia, abnormal weight, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension were independent risk factors of dyslipidemia.ConclusionDyslipidemia was common with unacceptably low awareness, treatment and control rates in rural China. Therefore, effective strategies are necessary for improving the status of the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, control of dyslipidemia in Chinese rural residents.Trial registration ChiCTR-OOC-15006699

What is already known on this topic? The effects of vitamin D on hypertension risk and blood pressure have been explored widely in cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but whether the association is causal still is unknown. What is added by this report? We performed an update meta-analysis of both cohort studies and RCTs in a generally heathy population and found that the dose-response relationship between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and hypertension risk was approximately L-shaped. However, pooled results of RCTs showed that there was still no significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. What are the implications for public health practice? Vitamin D supplementation is ineffective to prevent hypertension.

Objective:The present study aimed to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of a thirteen-item FFQ regarding identification of dietary conditions in a rural population in China.Design:A reproducibility study repeated the first FFQ (FFQ1) approximately 4 weeks later (FFQ2). A validity study evaluated the mean of three consecutive 24 h diet recalls as the reference measure.Setting:Cross-sectional study.Participants:Residents of a rural area in Henan Province, which is located in the central region of China.Results:A total of 295 individuals participated in the reproducibility study. In addition, 123 people agreed to participate in the validity study. Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the two FFQ ranged from 0·06 (vegetables) to 0·58 (eggs). Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the two methods of collection ranged from 0·01 for cereal to 0·49 for staple foods. The mean of the intraclass correlation coefficients of the two FFQ (FFQ1 v. FFQ2) was 0·19. Bland–Altman analysis indicated good agreement for most food groups across the range of intake for the two studies.Conclusions:The study demonstrated that our FFQ design could be used as a representative tool to conduct a dietary evaluation of a rural population.

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