O setor de saneamento no Brasil tem sido palco hegemônico de abordagens tecnocêntricas, restringindo visões globalizantes que vislumbrem a multidimensionalidade do tema e a necessidade de articulações intersetoriais. Parte-se da premissa de que essas dificuldades encontram raízes na história do setor, que impõe seu legado por meio da sua inércia e resiliência. Para desenvolver o argumento, é conceituada a multidimensionalidade do saneamento, como área de conhecimento e setor das políticas públicas. Em seguida, analisa-se o processo de construção da política pública de saneamento do período Lula (2003-2010), buscando uma visão histórica de estruturas e instituições, com base nos processos de negociação relacionados a essa política setorial. Analisa-se o Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico, como oportunidade para um novo patamar da política setorial, a partir da perspectiva da intersetorialidade. O artigo conclui-se com a tentativa de identificar os principais desafios para uma nova política, em que a intersetorialidade seja seu marco referencial. Palavras-chave: saneamento; intersetorialidade; plano nacional; água; esgotos; política pública. Abstract: Hegemonic techno-centric approaches dominate the water and sanitation sector in Brazil, restricting globalizing visions, the understanding of it multidimensionality and the need for intersectoral links. The premise that these difficulties are rooted in the history of the sector, imposing a legacy through inertia and resilience, guides the analysis performed in the article. To develop the argument, we conceptualize the multidimensionality of water and sanitation subject as an area of knowledge and a sector of the public policies. Then, we analyze the policy reform in the Lula period (2003-2010), based on a historical overview of structures and institutions as well as on negotiation processes related to the sector´s policies. We analyze the Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico (National Plan of Basic Sanitation) as an opportunity for a higher standard of water and sanitation policy, from the perspective of intersectoral articulations. The article concludes with an attempt to identify the main challenges for a new policy, in which intersectoral articulations would be the main framework. Keywords: intersectoral linkages; national plan; water; sanitation; public policy.
The Brazilian state water supply and sanitation companies were first established during the mid-1960s and within a few years they had become the main organizations supplying water and sanitation services in the country, given that they enjoyed considerable public investment, secured as loans from a number of different funding institutions (Ogera;Philippi Jr, 2005).However, by the 1980s, this model was in crisis, especially after the dissolution of the Banco Nacional de Habitação [National Housing Bank], the sector's main funding source. This was a period of economic turmoil in Brazil with funding diminishing at the same time as the grace periods of loans contracted were coming to an end and costs were increasing due to debt service charges.These problems were only partly resolved during the 1990s when the federal government, under President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, made efforts to increase the profitability of these companies so as to make them more attractive for the adoption of neo--liberal and privatization policies (Turolla, 2002; Arantes, 2007;Rezende;Heller, 2008).However, actions undertaken which envisaged selling the companies were undermined by the resistance of opposition parties and the unpopularity of this measure among the public. Proposals for privatization only went ahead in some states in the South and South-eastern regions, despite the fact that decision-makers resorted to a less controversial strategy: offering shares on the stock market (IPO).
Visando à análise da Política Pública (PP) orientada para os problemas referentes ao saneamento básico no Norte e no Nordeste do Estado de Minas Gerais, este estudo buscou avaliar a materialização do Projeto Vida no Vale. Paratanto, discute os fundamentos estabelecidos durante a formulação e implementação da Política Estadual de Saneamento Básico. A metodologia empregada na avaliação da PP foi baseada no modelo de objetivos e realizada ex-post, a partir da verificação dos critérios e aspectos referentes à adequabilidade, resolutividade e equidade. Os resultados obtidos mostram que apenas 29,8% das localidades-alvo foram atendidas até 2011 e que existe um grande atraso na universalização dos serviços de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário. O estudo constata, além disso, que há ausência de controle social e alguns objetivos estabelecidos na documentação do projeto não foram implementados, não permitindo, assim, a disponibilização de importantes informações socioeconômicas e ambientais conforme foi previsto nos resultados do projeto.Palavras-chave: Política pública; Copanor; saneamento básico; salubridade ambiental; Projeto Vida no Vale; Minas GeraisASSESSMENT OF MINAS GERAIS POLICY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION FOR THE NORTH AND NORTHEASTREGIONS: an analysis of the "Vida no Vale" ProjectAbstract: In order to perform an analysis of public policy(pp) concerning sanitation problems in the North and Northeast ofMinas Gerais State, this study attempted to assess the materialization of the "Vida no Vale" Project. Thus, it carries out adiscussion on the assumptions established during the development and implementation of the State policy of basicsanitation. The methodology used in the evaluation of PP was based on the model of objectives and performed "ex post",through the verification criteria and issues related to suitability, resoluteness and fairness. The results suggest that only29.8% of the localities were covered by 2011, showing delay from the aims of universality, as well as lack of social controlbased on participatory and shared management, worsened by the difficulty of obtaining information about the financialperformance and application of resources. Lack of transparency over produced distortions and asymmetry of information,impacting the assessment possibilities.Keywords: Public policy, Copanor, sanitation, environmental health, Vida no Vale Project, Minas Gerais State.
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