This paper attempts to model the reliability of dynamic k-out-of-n systems with component partnership (DKNCP) in which a mixture of deteriorating components and multiple types of shocks are inflicted on the system. Previous studies were merely focused on the DKNCP systems affected by one type of shock that influenced all its components. In practice, however, shocks do not necessarily affect all the components. Hence, shocks may be classified based on their magnitude, specifications, and the components they affect. In this paper, random shocks are classified into distinct sets based on the components affected. DKNCP or adaptive KNCP is a new redundancy system that can be applied when a specific number of high-performance components is required which cannot be replaced by lower-performance components even if the number of these components is high. In a DKNCP system, the components contribute to the system operation in different ways and can make partnership groups for the system to survive when a component failure occurs. Also, we consider two failure mechanisms: accumulating degradation and random shocks. Two types of random shocks are also considered in the model: critical shocks, that cause instantaneous component failure, and non-critical ones, that increase natural degradation by a random amount.
The main structural elements of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges deteriorate with time under such uncertain hazards as scouring and corrosive conditions. In this paper, a multi-hazard framework is proposed to assess the performance of bridges subjected to the main effective uncertain natural hazards during their lifetime. In this assessment, the uncertainties associated with the combined effects of multiple hazards including pier scour, earthquake, carbonation, and corrosion are considered. Therefore, for each of the hazards, their severity relationships have been extracted over time, and the effects of these hazards on concrete elements are presented as resistance dimming parameters. The annual and cumulative losses due to these hazards in unit currency are estimated using the life-cycle costs. For decision making, the present value of the expected cumulative cost associated with the retrofit or design scenarios is evaluated using a cost-benefit analysis. The results for a case study bridge, using the proposed framework, indicate the significant impact of the different scenarios on reducing the expected value of damages or incurred losses due to multiple hazards.
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