Iran's energy system is extremely dependent on fossil fuels which, in turn, have led to problems such as fossil fuels depletion, social, economic and environmental damage and territorial imbalance. The country should therefore design a sustainable energy system based on clean energy as well as renewable energy. Accordingly, and given that Iran's rural areas suffer from the unsustainable energy system, it is necessary to integrate renewable energy into comprehensive development programs in general, and into rural development programs, specifically. This review paper answers the following questions: Why is renewable energy important for Iran at national and rural levels? How is renewable energy related to sustainable rural development? and What are the challenges in the promotion of renewable energy technologies in Iran? The paper concludes that although renewable energy has potential for development in Iran's rural areas due to environmental, social and economic advantages, it could face some infrastructural, managerial, socio-cultural and economic challenges. Accordingly, aggressive and innovative policy making is required to meet these challenges.
: The present study aimed to propose and elaborate on a new model for business environmental dynamism in pharmacies. The concept of business environmental dynamism was considered to determine the influential factors and operational strategies for the improvement of the performance of small enterprises (i.e., pharmacies) in environmental dynamism. The study was conducted using a qualitative and quantitative method; content analysis was used in the qualitative section, and confirmatory factor analysis was employed in the quantitative section. The sample population of the qualitative section included valid scientific databases during 2000-2020 regarding environmental turbulence and environmental dynamism. In the quantitative section, a survey was performed on 80 owners of the pharmacies located in Kermanshah city, Iran. In the qualitative section regarding the environmental dynamism dimension of environmental turbulence, the two components of market turbulence and technological turbulence were identified and validated, as well as six sub-components. As a result, the conceptual model was extracted, and the high validity and reliability of the researcher-made questionnaire of environmental dynamism were confirmed. According to the results of confirmatory factor analysis, the instrument has a good fit. In addition, the insignificance of the paths resulted in determining the appropriateness of the structural research model.
Poverty has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. Despite the nature of entrepreneurship to facilitate economic development, there are limited studies regarding the related concept of inclusive development. This issue is the motivating factor for this study to introduce the concept of inclusive urban entrepreneurial ecosystem (IUEE). IUEE provides a market-and resource-based view of poverty alleviation and can be considered as a new pattern of inclusive business (IBs) growth. Hence, the aim of this study is to formulate policies for IUEE by conducting a qualitative meta-synthesis of the theoretical literature. In this meta-synthesis, we synthesized a total of 155 findings from 64 studies conducted to date. The results are grouped into 17 concepts and nine main policies as follows: IUEE modeling, considering the role of IBs, improving the ecosystem members' social interactions, supporting inclusive entrepreneurship intermediaries, sustained commitment to inclusive entrepreneurship, strengthening learning opportunities in the ecosystem, maintaining the ecosystem diversity and dynamics, improving the inclusive entrepreneurship facilities and managing the inputs and outputs of the ecosystem. The findings of this study can be used to develop IUEEs and achieve entrepreneurial cities.
Poverty is one of the most important issues in developing countries; thus, poverty and poverty reduction have always been a concern for nations. This unbearable social phenomenon, which must be controlled, is out of control in most of developing countries. This study aimed to develop coordination and interrelation between economic growth, inequality, and poverty in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine how much economic growth reduces poverty by calculating pro-poor growth index (PEGR) for service, industry, and agriculture sectors in urban and rural areas in Iran from 2005 to 2018. Besides, it assessed the effect of changes in the average income and the distribution of income on poverty. We identified economic sectors with pro-poor growth. The findings of the research indicated that there was pro poor growth just in the rural service sector in Iran. In addition, although the distribution effects decreased poverty in the other sectors, total poverty increased under the period because of the negative growth. Also, the Zanga index results indicate that inequality has decreased in all sectors during the period.Jel Classification: O47, D33, I32, O15, D63
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