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Endothelial cells inhibit platelet aggregation by releasing thromboregulators, such as prostacyclin and nitric oxide. Male subject is a traditional risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Platelet hyperreactivity has been frequently found in patient with diabetes mellitus. To examine whether testosterone and high glucose modify platelet aggregation through endothelial cells, we did an in vitro study using endothelial cells culture from human umbilical vein (HUVEC). Treatments were performed in HUVEC sub culture as either normoglucose (5.6 mM) or high glucose (22.4 mM) medium, with or without testosterone (0, 1, 10, 100 nM), for 24 hours. HUVEC were trypsinized, resuspended, and then incubated with platelet rich plasma from healthy male donors with ratio 1:10 4 for 3 minutes. Platelet aggregation measured by turbidimetry methode. This study showed that testosterone did not significantly influence platelet aggregation through endothelial cells in normoglucose (p = 0.144) or high glucose (p = 0.916) medium. There was no main effect of testosterone (p = 0.73) as well as no interaction between testosterone and glucose (p = 0.69), but there was a main effect of glucose (p = 0.004), to platelet aggregation through endothelial cells. In conclusion, high glucose, but not testosterone, inhibits platelet aggregation mediated by endothelial cells.

Prenatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of mortality and chronic neurological diseases in newborns. HI contributes to the emergence of several neurological disorders such as cognitive and behavioral deficits due to the atypical brain development. This study aimed at assessing the effects of prenatal HI on the spatial memory and aggression of rats during adolescence. Pregnant rats were divided into treatment and control groups. The rats of the treatment groups underwent unilateral ligation of the uterine artery on pregnancy day 7, 12, or 17. The offspring of these rats were tested for spatial memory and aggression when they reached 33 days of age. It has been found that the percentages of alternations in the Y-maze and the number of crossings in the Morris water maze tests of the HI groups were lower than those of the control groups . The total offense and defense aggression scores of the HI groups were higher than those of the control groups. In conclusion, the longer the duration of HI, the more deficits it causes in the spatial memory and aggression of rats during adolescence.

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Astrocytes of hippocampus contribute in the learning performance. Entrainment of gamma waves can improve learning performance by improving the neurons to astrocytes communication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of binaural entrainment of 2000 -2040 Hz and 2000 -2090 Hz on Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) expression in astrocytes of the CA1 region of rat hippocampus during operant learning conditions. Twenty male Wistar rats aged 4-6 weeks with body weight 100-150 g were devided into 4 groups. Group I was given binaural sounds entrainment at 2000-2040 Hz without learning test. Group II was given entrainment as performed in Group I followed by a learning test. Group III was given binaural sounds entrainment at 2000-2090 followed by a learning test. Group IV was not given entrainment nor learning test. The entrainment was performed for 30 minutes everyday for 12 days and the learning test was performed for 10 minutes everyday for 12 days. The GFAP expression was examined imminohistochemically. Astrocytes processes and astrocytes histoscore were also calculated. The results showed that the number of the GFAP-positive astrocytes in Group I (70.96 ± 4.86), II (69.76±3.07) and III (63.10±5.85) were significantly higher than Control (47.33±1.33) (p<0.05). The number of the processes astrocytes in Group I (47.64 ± 3.87), II (60.66±2.07) and III (54.17±6.38) was significantly higher than Control (30.87±2.69) (p<0.05). Moreover, the number of the processes astrocytes in Group II was significantly higher than Group I (p=0.016). The astrocytes histoscore index in the Group II (115.58±14.13) and III (78.32±22.23) were significantly higher than Group I (28.79 ± 9.61) and Control (16.05±1.64) (p<0.05). In conclusion, the binaural entrainment of 2000 -2040 Hz and 2000 -2090 Hz increase GFAP expression of astrocytes in Cornu Ammonus 1 (CA1) region of rat hippocampus during operant learning conditioning. ABSTRAKAstrosit hippocampus berperan dalam kemampuan belajar. Entrainmen gelombang gamma dapat meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dengan memperbaiki komunikasi neuron dengan astrosit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pengaruh entrainment menggunakan metode binaural dengan gelombang suara 2000-2040 Hz dan 2000-2090 Hz terhadap ekspresi Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) pada astrosit di daerah CA1 hippocampus tikus yang menjalani proses belajar kondisi operan. Dua puluh tikus jantan Wistar berumur 4-6 minggu dengan berat badan 100-150 g dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok. Kelompok I diberi entrainment binaural dengan gelombang suara 2000-2040 Hz tanpa uji belajar. Kelompok II diberi entrainment binaural seperti pada Kelompok I 109 Nugraha et al., Binaural entrainment of 2000-2040 Hz and 2000-2090

Astrocytes of hippocampus contribute in the learning performance. Entrainment of gamma waves can improve learning performance by improving the neurons to astrocytes communication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of binaural entrainment of 2000 -2040 Hz and 2000 -2090 Hz on Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) expression in astrocytes of the CA1 region of rat hippocampus during operant learning conditions. Twenty male Wistar rats aged 4-6 weeks with body weight 100-150 g were devided into 4 groups. Group I was given binaural sounds entrainment at 2000-2040 Hz without learning test. Group II was given entrainment as performed in Group I followed by a learning test. Group III was given binaural sounds entrainment at 2000-2090 followed by a learning test. Group IV was not given entrainment nor learning test. The entrainment was performed for 30 minutes everyday for 12 days and the learning test was performed for 10 minutes everyday for 12 days. The GFAP expression was examined imminohistochemically. Astrocytes processes and astrocytes histoscore were also calculated. The results showed that the number of the GFAP-positive astrocytes in Group I (70.96 ± 4.86), II (69.76±3.07) and III (63.10±5.85) were significantly higher than Control (47.33±1.33) (p<0.05). The number of the processes astrocytes in Group I (47.64 ± 3.87), II (60.66±2.07) and III (54.17±6.38) was significantly higher than Control (30.87±2.69) (p<0.05). Moreover, the number of the processes astrocytes in Group II was significantly higher than Group I (p=0.016). The astrocytes histoscore index in the Group II (115.58±14.13) and III (78.32±22.23) were significantly higher than Group I (28.79 ± 9.61) and Control (16.05±1.64) (p<0.05). In conclusion, the binaural entrainment of 2000 -2040 Hz and 2000 -2090 Hz increase GFAP expression of astrocytes in Cornu Ammonus 1 (CA1) region of rat hippocampus during operant learning conditioning. ABSTRAKAstrosit hippocampus berperan dalam kemampuan belajar. Entrainmen gelombang gamma dapat meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dengan memperbaiki komunikasi neuron dengan astrosit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pengaruh entrainment menggunakan metode binaural dengan gelombang suara 2000-2040 Hz dan 2000-2090 Hz terhadap ekspresi Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) pada astrosit di daerah CA1 hippocampus tikus yang menjalani proses belajar kondisi operan. Dua puluh tikus jantan Wistar berumur 4-6 minggu dengan berat badan 100-150 g dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok. Kelompok I diberi entrainment binaural dengan gelombang suara 2000-2040 Hz tanpa uji belajar. Kelompok II diberi entrainment binaural seperti pada Kelompok I 109 Nugraha et al., Binaural entrainment of 2000-2040 Hz and 2000-2090

Male is one of the risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. It is suggested that testosterone (T) may contribute to cardiovascular events, which is initiated by platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Endothelial cells (EC) prevent platelet activation by synthesizing and releasing thromboregulator, such as prostacyclin (PGI2). The activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme is necessary for the conversion of arachidonic acid into PGI2. COX exists in two isomers: COX-1 and COX-2. This study aimed to examine the influence of T on the expression of endothelial COX-2 in either normal glucose (NG) or high glucose (HG) environment. An in vitro study using human umbilical vein endothelial cells culture (HUVEC) was performed in this study. With the 2x4 factorial designs, HUVEC was exposed to T in incremental doses: 0, 1, 10 and 10 2 nM in either NG (5.6 mM) or HG (22.4 mM) medium. Expression of COX-2 was measured using immunocytochemistry. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance for 2x4 factorial designs. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was a main effect of either T or glucose medium to the percentage of EC that positively stained with the anti-COX-2 antibody. Moreover, there was an interaction between T and glucose medium to the percentage of EC that positively stained with the anti-COX-2 antibody. In conclusion, testosterone increases the expression of COX-2 enzyme in resting endothelial cells (normal glucose environment) but decreases significantly the expression of COX-2 enzyme in activated endothelial cells (high glucose environment).