Background: Numerous efforts to promote breastfeeding resulted in a steady increase in the rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration. Increasing numbers of breastfeeding interventions are focused on breastfeeding maintenance and exclusivity and based on behavioral theories. Few studies critically analyzed the use of theories in breastfeeding intervention development and evaluation. Research aim: The aim of this critical review was to examine the existing literature about breastfeeding intervention, and investigate the role of theory in its development, implementation, and evaluation to provide future directions and implications for breastfeeding interventions. Methods: This critical review examined the existing breastfeeding intervention studies that used self-efficacy theories (SE), theory of planned behavior (TPB), and social cognitive theory (SCT) and were published during the past decade. Using five databases, studies in which researchers explicitly applied these three theories to frame the intervention were selected. Studies were critically reviewed for fidelity to theory in intervention design, delivery, and evaluation. Results: Eighteen studies were reviewed: nine SE-, five TPB-, and four SCT-based. Most interventions were focused on building mothers’ breastfeeding self-efficacy to improve breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. To achieve this goal, researchers who developed SE-based interventions used individual approaches, whereas other researchers who based studies on TPB incorporated social and environmental changes. SE-based studies were more likely to include theory-based instruments, but TPB- and SCT-based studies demonstrated less consistent choices of measurement. Researchers in most studies did not test the relationships between the proposed theoretical constructs and breastfeeding outcomes as guided by theories. Inconsistent outcomes resulted among the studies due to variations in study follow-ups. Conclusion: Sound applications of single or multiple theories demonstrate a great potential to help practitioners and researchers develop effective breastfeeding interventions and evaluate true impacts on positive breastfeeding outcomes.

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Background and ObjectiveThere is no report on the effects of horseback riding on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 4 weeks of horseback riding on anxiety, depression, self esteem, attention, and learning disorder in children with ADHD.

To better understand the dynamics of cell phone use among a sample of college students and their attachment for their parents, our study investigated the attitudes toward cell phone use, distinguishing patterns of cell phone users, and user group and gender differences related to attachment to parents among college students. Findings of this study point to implications for further research in three areas: cell phone use and adoption of special functions, family studies, and measurement improvement.

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This study was conducted to develop a plan for emotional labor of clinical dental hygienists by understanding the factors affecting their emotional labor. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 293 dental hygienists who worked in dental hospitals and clinics located in Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do from June to September in 2013. The questionnaire items used in this study consisted of 5 items of general characteristics, 2 items of characteristics related to turnover, and 9 items of emotional labor. t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis were performed using the SPSS Statistics ver. 17.0 for Windows program for data analysis. The average level of the study subjects was 69.85±12.82. With regard to the emotional labor according to the general characteristics, the frequency of emotional expressions (p＜0.037) showed significant differences in the marital status. The workplace showed significant differences in the frequency of emotional expressions (p＜0.001), attentiveness of emotional expressions (p＜0.002), emotional dissonance (p＜0.032), and total (p＜0.001). The turnover intentions showed significant differences in the frequency of emotional expressions (p＜0.001), attentiveness of emotional expressions (p＜0.001), emotional dissonance (p＜0.001), and total (p＜ 0.001). As a factor affecting emotional labor, turnover intention (p＜0.001) and workplace (p＜0001) had an effect on emotional labor. The results showed that turnover intention and workplace were associated with the emotional labor of dental hygienists. There is a need to develop an emotional education program to make it possible to effectively manage emotional labor of dental hygienists for providing high-quality medical services of dental institutions.

Background The purpose of this study is to investigate the drinking behavior of Korean pregnant women in 2017 and to compare the changes of drinking status with the results of the research conducted in 1997 and 2008. Methods Pregnant women at one obstetrics and gynecology hospital and one university hospital were the subjects of the study. They were filled out questionnaire. Results The rate of positive responses to CAGE increased 16.0% in 2008 and 16.3% in 2017 compared to 11.8% in 1997 (P = 0.046). Blackout history rate was keep increasing from 1997 to 2017 (8.8% versus 27.7% versus 36.3%, P < 0.001). The rate of family history of alcohol was nearly doubled in 2017 (30.3%) compared to 1997 (17.6%) and 2008 (16.3) (P < 0.001). The rate of pregnant women who drink alcohol during pregnancy decreased from 57.5% in 1997 to 39.5% in 2008 and decreased to 25.6% in 2017 (P < 0.001). The rate of pregnant women who drink alcohol after knowing the pregnancy was decreased in 2017 (6.9%) compared to 2008 (23.5%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion According to the results of the study in 2017, the rate of pregnant women who drink alcohol after pregnancy was decreased compared to 1997 and 2008. However drinking behavior severity has increased in 2017.