Effects of 4 Weeks of Horseback Riding on Anxiety, Depression, and Self-Esteem in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

So, Wi-Young; Lee, So-Young; Park, Young Joo; Seo, Dong Cheol

doi:10.22374/1875-6859.13.2.2

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…By screening the abstract and the full text, 7,440 papers were further excluded due to non-English literature, no full text, or irrelevance. Finally, nine self-control trials (18,(37)(38)(39)(40)(47)(48)(49)(50), five non-randomized control trials (19,32,33,51,52), and nine randomized control trials (16,20,(34)(35)(36)(53)(54)(55)(56) were eligible for meta-analysis. The screening process is shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Results Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention on ADHD Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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Objective: To assess the effectiveness of physical activity (PA) intervention on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related symptoms.Method: Studies that investigated PA intervention for ADHD-related symptoms were identified through searching PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases from inception through June 2021. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the effectiveness of PA intervention on improving ADHD-related symptoms. The meta-analyses were conducted using fixed-effect or random-effect models according to the heterogeneity of the studies.Results: Nine before–after studies (232 participants) and 14 two-group control studies (162 participants/141 controls) were included in this meta-analysis. Combined results for before–after studies indicated significant improvements on all studied ADHD-related symptoms (inattention: SMD = 0.604, 95% CI: 0.374–0.834, p < 0.001; hyperactivity/impulsivity: SMD = 0.676, 95% CI: 0.401–0.950, p < 0.001; emotional problems: SMD = 0.416, 95% CI: 0.283–0.549, p < 0.001; behavioral problems: SMD = 0.347, 95% CI: 0.202–0.492, p < 0.001). Meta-analyses for two-group control studies further confirmed that PA intervention significantly improved the inattentive symptom (SMD = 0.715, 95% CI: 0.105, 1.325, p = 0.022). Subgroup analyses suggested significant beneficial effect on inattention symptoms in children. Moreover, closed motor skills were beneficial for hyperactive/impulsive problems (SMD = 0.671, p < 0.001), while open motor skills were beneficial for attention problems (SMD = 0.455, p = 0.049). When excluding studies with combined medication, the studies in unmedicated participants in before–after studies still showed significant results in all studied ADHD-related symptoms as in the overall analysis. Given the limited sample size, the best frequency and intensity of PA intervention need further investigation.Conclusion: Our results suggested that PA intervention could possibly improve ADHD-related symptoms, especially inattention symptoms. Closed-skill and open-skill activities could be beneficial for hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention symptoms, respectively. Further high-quality randomized clinical trials with large sample size are needed.

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Section: Results Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention on ADHD Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…The characteristics of the studies are as follows: participants, intervention, comparisons, outcomes and study design (PICOS) following the steps of the PRISMA methodology are shown in the Table 1. The total sample size of all articles is 181 children, from 3 different countries: Korea (Hyun et al., 2016; Jang et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2015, 2017; Oh et al., 2018; Wi‐Young et al., 2017; Yoo et al., 2016), Norway (Cuypers et al., 2011) and Spain (Garcia‐Gomez et al., 2016). The smallest sample size is 5 (Cuypers et al., 2011), and the largest is 39 (Lee et al., 2015).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Downs and Black checklist shows that there are 7 articles with acceptable methodological quality (Cuypers et al., 2011; Garcia‐Gomez et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2015, 2017; Oh et al., 2018; Wi‐Young et al., 2017; Yoo et al., 2016) and two studies with unacceptable methodological quality (Hyun et al., 2016; Jang et al., 2015). In the modified Downs and Black checklist, the worst scales were criterion 8 (have all important adverse events that may result from the intervention been reported?…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hyperactivity was measured by several instruments: the Behavioural Assessment System for Children (BASC‐T; Garcia‐Gomez et al., 2016), the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Cuypers et al., 2011), the Korean version of the Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Scale (K‐ARS; Hyun et al., 2016; Yoo et al., 2016) and the Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (Jang et al., 2015; Oh et al., 2018; Wi‐Young et al., 2017). The quality of life was measured with three different instruments: the Quality‐of‐Life Questionnaire (Garcia‐Gomez et al., 2016), the Health‐Related Quality‐of‐Life Questionnaire (Cuypers et al., 2011) and the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) reported by child and reported by parents (Oh et al., 2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of this systematic review was to determine whether there is scientific evidence of high methodological quality in order to establish the level of effectiveness of EAAT in the treatment of children with ADHD. The results showed that there were not high methodological studies to confirm this, since only 2 studies showed a level of evidence “B” (Garcia‐Gomez et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2015) and the other 7 studies had a level of evidence “C” (Cuypers et al., 2011; Hyun et al., 2016; Jang et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2018; Oh et al., 2018; Wi‐Young et al., 2017; Yoo et al., 2016), according to the Dutch CBO guidelines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Equine‐assisted activities and therapies in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review

Pérez‐Gómez

Amigo‐Gamero

Collado‐Mateo

et al. 2021

Psychiatric Ment Health Nurs

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Accessible Summary What is known on the subject? Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by problems of inattention and impulsive hyperactivity in children. Equine‐assisted activities and therapies (EAATs) have been used as alternative non‐pharmacological intervention option in patients with ADHD. What does this paper adds to existing knowledge? Nowadays, more studies of high methodological quality are needed to determine whether EAAT is an effective intervention for the treatment in children with ADHD. What are the implications for practice? Between 15 and 40 min of rising horses, 8–32 total sessions, for 4–32 weeks, seem to be beneficial to reduce the symptoms of ADHD. Abstract Introduction Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder characterized by problems of inattention and impulsive hyperactivity. Equine‐assisted activities and therapies (EAATs) have become an emerging non‐pharmacological intervention option in patients with ADHD. Aim To perform a systematic review of updated literature about EAAT in children with ADHD. Method A systematic review was performed until 28 November 2019, in four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) intervention programme, with pre‐ and post‐data, based on EAAT, (b) children with ADHD and (c) articles written in English. Results A total of 9 articles were found that meet the inclusion criteria. The evidence level was C for 7 studies and B for 2 studies. The level of conclusion was 3. Discussion There are few studies with high methodological quality, and there is a high heterogeneity in the variables included, what make that the level of evidence and conclusion are low. Conclusion There is no account with enough studies of high methodological quality to determine whether EAAT is an effective intervention for the treatment in children with ADHD.

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The effects of equine‐assisted activities on execution function in children aged 7–8 years: A randomized controlled trial

et al. 2023

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Background: This study examines the effects of equine‐assisted activity (EAA) training on executive functioning (EF) (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) in children aged 7–8 years.Methods: Twenty‐Four healthy children aged 7–8 years with a 1:1 ratio of boys to girls were randomly divided into EAA group (EAAG) or control group (CG). The subjects in EAAG were trained for 12 weeks, and CG participated in normal daily activities. All subjects conducted the Flanker, 1‐Back, and More‐odd shifting tasks at rest and recorded the average reaction times (RTs) and accuracy data of each task.Results: After 12 weeks of EAA intervention, EAAG showed a highly significant increase (p < .01) in mean RTs and accuracy in the Flanker and More‐odd shifting tasks and a highly significant increase (p < .01) in accuracy only in 1‐Back.Conclusion: These findings suggest that 12‐week EAA training can be effective in improving EF and promoting cognitive performance in children aged 7–8 years.

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Effects of 4 Weeks of Horseback Riding on Anxiety, Depression, and Self-Esteem in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention on ADHD Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention on ADHD Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Equine‐assisted activities and therapies in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review

The effects of equine‐assisted activities on execution function in children aged 7–8 years: A randomized controlled trial

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