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Background:Our objective was to study the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients in Bangalore city.Materials and Methods:Four hundred and eight type 2 DM patients (Study Group) and 100 non-diabetic patients (Control Group) among the age group of 35-75 years were included in the study. The study group was divided based on Glycated hemoglobin levels into well, moderately and poorly controlled. Relevant information regarding age, oral hygiene habits and personal habits was obtained from the patients. Diabetic status and mode of anti-diabetic therapy of the study group was obtained from the hospital records with consent from the patient. Community periodontal index (CPI) was used to assess the periodontal status. The results were statistically evaluated.Results:The mean CPI score and the number of missing teeth was higher in diabetics compared with non-diabetics, and was statistically significant (P=0.000), indicating that prevalence and extent of periodontal disease was more frequent and more severe in diabetic patients. The risk factors like Glycated hemoglobin, duration of diabetes, fasting blood sugar, personal habits and oral hygiene habits showed a positive correlation with periodontal destruction, whereas mode of anti-diabetic therapy showed a negative correlation according to the multiple regression analysis. The odds ratio of a diabetic showing periodontal destruction in comparison with a non-diabetic was 1.97, 2.10 and 2.42 in well, moderately and poorly controlled diabetics, respectively.Conclusion:Our study has made an attempt to determine the association between type 2 DM (NIDDM) and periodontal disease in Bangalore city. It was found that type 2 DM (non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM]) subjects manifested relatively higher prevalence and severity of periodontal disease as compared with non-diabetics.

Context:Antimicrobial proteins and peptides constitute a diverse class of host-defense molecules that act early to combat invasion and infection with bacteria and other microorganisms. Among the various antimicrobial peptides in the oral cavity, adrenomedullin (ADM), a cationic peptide, is found in gingival crevicular fluids (GCFs) in amounts twice as high in periodontal disease sites as healthy sites. Studies have also shown that plasma levels of ADM increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as compared with controls.Aims:This clinico-biochemical study was undertaken to try to decipher the probable link between ADM, diabetes and periodontitis.Materials and Methods:The study comprised of 90 patients who were divided into three groups based on community periodontal index scores and diabetes status. Probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were measured in all subjects. GCF was collected from all the participants using micropipettes and blood samples were collected from subjects in Groups III, for analysis of glycated hemoglobin. ADM levels were measured in GCF samples by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Statistical Analysis Used:The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance, Bonferroni test and Pearson's correlation.Results:An increase in GCF levels of ADM from periodontal health to disease and in periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes was noted.Conclusions:Increase in GCF levels of ADM from periodontal health to disease and in periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes reinforces the perio-systemic interlink concept.

Dental calculus is a hard deposit that is formed by calcification of dental plaque primarily composed of calcium phosphate mineral salts which is deposited on natural teeth and restorations and is covered by a layer of unmineralized plaque. These hard deposits may form coronal to or apical to the gingival margin, hence named accordingly as supragingival and subgingival calculus respectively. The distribution of calculus is very versatile and it differs from individual to individual, from tooth to tooth, and from surface to surface. So, a thorough knowledge on prevalence of calculus is important for the clinician in outlining the treatment plan. It is a well-known fact that calculus is itself not an inducing agent for pathological changes that occur in gingival tissues; instead it is covered by a layer of unmineralized plaque which is proven to be the key etiological agent involved in these pathogenic mechanisms. But, attributing to the porosity of calculus and its ability to retain bacterial antigens makes it an important contributing factor in initiating and accentuating periodontal disease progression. In this review, we made an attempt to discuss various aspects of calculus composition, its formation, and its etiological significance in periodontal disease progression. How to cite this article Aghanashini S, Puvvalla B, Mundinamane DB, Apoorva SM, Bhat D, Lalwani M. A Comprehensive Review on Dental Calculus. J Health Sci Res 2016;7(2):42-50.