Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems connected to the traditional power suppliers are an interesting technological solution in the field of energy engineering and the integration of renewable systems with other energy systems can significantly increase in energy reliability. In this paper, an analysis and optimization of the hybrid energy system, which uses photovoltaic modules and wind turbines components connected to the grid, is presented. The system components are optimized using two objectives criteria: economic and environmental. The optimization has been performed based on the experimental data acquired for the whole year. Results showed the optimal configuration for the hybrid system based on economical objective, that presents the best compromise between the number of components and total efficiency. This achieved the lowest cost of energy but with relatively high CO 2 emissions, while environmental objective results with lower CO 2 emissions and higher cost of energy and presents the best compromise between the number of components and system net present cost. It has been shown that a hybrid system can be optimized in such a way that CO 2 emission is maximally reduced and-separately-in terms of reducing the cost. However, the study shows that these two criteria cannot be optimized at the same time. Reducing the system cost increase CO 2 emission and enhancing ecological effect makes the system cost larger. However, depends on strategies, a balance between different optimization criteria can be found. Regardless of the strategy used economic criteria-which also indirect takes environmental aspects as a cost of penalties-should be considered as a major criterion of optimization while the other objectives including environmental objectives are less important.
The energy consumption of buildings is very important for both economic and environmental reasons. Newly built buildings are characterized by higher insulation and airtightness of the building envelope, and are additionally equipped with technologies that minimize energy consumption in order to meet legal requirements. In existing buildings, the modernization process should be properly planned, taking into account available technologies and implementation possibilities. Hotel buildings are characterized by a large variability of energy demand, both on a daily and a yearly basis. Monitoring systems, therefore, provide the necessary information needed for proper energy management in the building. This article presents an energy analysis of the Turówka hotel located in Wieliczka (southern Poland). The historical hotel facility is being modernized as part of the project to adapt the building to the requirements of a sustainable building. The modernization proposal includes a trigeneration system with a multifunctional reverse regenerator and control module using neural algorithms. The main purpose is to improve the energy efficiency of the building and adapt it to the requirements of low-energy buildings. The implementation of a monitoring system enables energy consumption to be reduced and improves the energy performance of the building, especially through using energy management systems and control modules. The proposed retrofit solution considers the high energy consumption, structure of the energy demand, and limits of retrofit intervention on façades.Energies 2020, 13, 1968 2 of 20 buildings. This negative trend may be halted by using renewable energy sources and new solutions with higher efficiency. The effects achieved in this way are not only beneficial to the environment, but, above all, to the consumer, whose operating costs are significantly reduced. The simplest solution to save energy would be to design a building using materials with low thermal conductivity and high-efficiency heating and/or cooling technology.Both environmental and economic factors have led European Union (EU) regulators to introduce a definition for "nearly Zero-Energy Buildings", hereinafter referred to as "sustainable buildings". Pursuant to the Directive of the European Parliament [4], they are buildings with low demand for heating, cooling, and electricity, which should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources. The document [4] does not include the exact values of the coefficients to be met by a building, as these are defined by each Member State. The National Plan for increasing the number of low-energy buildings [5] extends this definition, stating that such a building meets the energy saving and thermal insulation requirements as defined in technical and building regulations.Referring to the Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure, buildings should correspond to at least the optimum energy performance for new buildings, in force since January 2019 for buildings occupied and owned by pu...
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems are responsible for a nearly 50% of total energy consumption in operated buildings. One of the most important parts of the ventilation system is an air handling unit with a heat exchanger for energy recovery which is responsible for effective and efficient energy recovery from exhaust air. Typically heat exchangers are characterised by the producers by heat and humidity recovery efficiency up to 90% and 75% respectively. But these very high values are usually evaluated under laboratory conditions without taking into account a dynamic change of outdoor and indoor air conditions significantly affecting the recovery efficiency. In this paper, results of thermal, humidity and enthalpy recover efficiency of innovative energy recovery exchanger have been presented. The analysed system allows adjustment of the humidity recovery especially useful in the winter period and forefends energy use for an anti-froze system of energy exchanger. Presented result show that analysed innovative system can achieve the value of thermal efficiency recovery higher than 90% and efficiency of humidity recovery about 80%. This is possible because the analysed system is able to work without the use of any primary source energy or other anti-freeze systems. Presented in this research unique solution is able to work without external anti-freeze systems even in extremely adverse outdoor air conditions such as minus 20°C and humidity 100% RH.
The present paper examines one of the most popular anti-icing solutions on the system performance. Different ratios of flowing fresh air to exhaust air were applied in order to heat the exchanger’s iced surface with warm air. The analysed system demonstrated that the system efficiency significantly dropped down under unfavourable conditions in winter. The results show that this type of solution is insufficient and should not be applied. A long operation with the iced surface can cause irreversible permanent damage to the heat exchanger unit and a serious system failure.
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